Department of Agroecology, Environmental Science Research Institute, University of Shahid Beheshti, G.C, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khorasan-Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Reseach and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jul;24(20):16971-16984. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9253-5. Epub 2017 Jun 3.
Efficient use of energy in farming systems is one of the most important implications for decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigating global warming (GW). This paper describes the energy use patterns, analyze the economics, and report global warming potential effects of major crop production systems in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. For this purpose, 110 farmers whose main activity was major crop production in the region, including wheat, barley, carrot, tomato, onion, potato, alfalfa, corn silage, canola, and saffron, were surveyed. Some other data was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad of Iran. Results showed that, in terms of total energy input, onion (87,556 Mj ha) and potato (80,869 Mj ha) production systems were more energy-intensive than other crops. Among the studied crops, the highest values of net return (6563.8 $ ha) and benefit/cost ratio (1.95) were related to carrot and corn silage production systems, respectively. Studies have also shown that onion and saffron production systems emit the highest (5332.6 kg CO2eq ha) and lowest (646.24 kg COeq ha) CO eq. emission, respectively. When it was averaged across crops, diesel fuel accounted for the greatest GHG contribution with 43% of the total, followed by electric power (28%) and nitrogen fertilizer (21%). In the present study, eco-efficiency was calculated as a ratio of the gross production value and global warming potential effect for the studied crops. Out of all the studied crops, the highest values of eco-efficiency were calculated to be 8.65 $ kg COeq for the saffron production system followed by the carrot (3.65 $ kg COeq) production. Generally, from the aspect of energy balance and use efficiency, the alfalfa production system was the best; however, from an economical point of view, the carrot production system was better than the other crops.
农业系统的能源高效利用是减少温室气体（GHG）排放和缓解全球变暖（GW）的最重要意义之一。本文描述了伊朗东阿塞拜疆省主要作物生产系统的能源利用模式，分析了其经济性，并报告了全球变暖潜势影响。为此，对该地区 110 名以主要作物生产（包括小麦、大麦、胡萝卜、番茄、洋葱、土豆、紫花苜蓿、玉米青贮、油菜和藏红花）为主要活动的农民进行了调查。其他一些数据来自伊朗农业部圣战。结果表明，就总能源投入而言，洋葱（87556 MJ ha）和土豆（80869 MJ ha）生产系统比其他作物更具能源密集型。在所研究的作物中，净收益（6563.8 美元 ha）和效益/成本比（1.95）最高的分别是胡萝卜和玉米青贮生产系统。研究还表明，洋葱和藏红花生产系统的 CO eq 排放量最高（5332.6 kg CO2eq ha）和最低（646.24 kg COeq ha）。当平均到所有作物时，柴油燃料占温室气体排放总量的 43%，其次是电力（28%）和氮肥（21%）。在本研究中，生态效率被计算为研究作物的总生产总值与全球变暖潜势影响的比值。在所研究的所有作物中，藏红花生产系统的生态效率最高，为 8.65 美元 kg COeq，其次是胡萝卜（3.65 美元 kg COeq）生产系统。一般来说，从能量平衡和利用效率的角度来看，紫花苜蓿生产系统是最好的；然而，从经济角度来看，胡萝卜生产系统优于其他作物。
