Poursafa Parinaz, Amin Mohammad Mehdi, Hajizadeh Yaghoub, Mansourian Marjan, Pourzamani Hamidreza, Ebrahim Karim, Sadeghian Babak, Kelishadi Roya
Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jul;24(20):17136-17144. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9315-8. Epub 2017 Jun 6.
This study aims to determine the atmospheric concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 (PM)-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their association with their urinary metabolites in children and adolescents. This study was conducted from October 2014 to March 2016 in Isfahan, Iran. We measured 16 species of PAHs bounded to PM by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) from 7 parts of the city. Moreover, PAH urinary metabolites were measured in 186 children and adolescents, randomly selected from households. Urinary metabolites consisted of 1-hydroxy naphthalene (1-naphthol), 2-hydroxy naphthalene (2-naphthol), 9-hydroxy phenanthrene (9-phenanthrol), and 1-hydroxy pyrene using GC/MS. Considering the short half-lives of PAHs, we measured the metabolites twice with 4 to 6 months of time interval. We found that the ambient concentrations of PAHs were significantly associated with their urinary metabolites. 1-hydroxy naphthalene and 2-hydroxy naphthalene concentrations showed an increase of 1.049 (95% CI: 1.030, 1.069) and 1.047 (95% CI: 1.025, 1.066) for each unit increase (1 ng/m) in ambient naphthalene. Similarly, 1-hydroxy pyrene showed an increase of 1.009 (95% CI: 1.006-1.011) for each unit increase (1 ng/m) in ambient pyrene concentration after adjustment for body mass index, physical activity level, urinary creatinine, age, and sex. The association of urinary 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and ambient phenantherene was significant in the crude model; however after adjustment for the abovementioned covariates, it was no more significant. We found significant correlations between exposure to ambient PM-bounded PAHs and their urinary excretion. Considering the adverse health effects of PAHs in the pediatric age group, biomonitoring of PAHs should be underscored; preventive measures need to be intensified.
本研究旨在确定儿童和青少年中与细颗粒物2.5（PM）结合的多环芳烃（PAH）的大气浓度及其与尿液代谢物的关联。本研究于2014年10月至2016年3月在伊朗伊斯法罕进行。我们通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）测量了该市7个区域中与PM结合的16种PAH。此外，在随机从家庭中选取的186名儿童和青少年中测量了PAH尿液代谢物。尿液代谢物包括1-羟基萘（1-萘酚）、2-羟基萘（2-萘酚）、9-羟基菲（9-菲酚）和1-羟基芘，采用GC/MS进行测量。考虑到PAH的半衰期较短，我们在4至6个月的时间间隔内对代谢物进行了两次测量。我们发现PAH的环境浓度与其尿液代谢物显著相关。对于环境萘每增加一个单位（1 ng/m），1-羟基萘和2-羟基萘浓度分别增加1.049（95%置信区间：1.030，1.069）和1.047（95%置信区间：1.025，1.066）。同样，在对体重指数、身体活动水平、尿肌酐、年龄和性别进行调整后，环境芘浓度每增加一个单位（1 ng/m），1-羟基芘增加1.009（95%置信区间：1.006 - 1.011）。在未调整模型中，尿液9-羟基菲与环境菲的关联显著；然而，在对上述协变量进行调整后，这种关联不再显著。我们发现暴露于环境中与PM结合的PAH及其尿液排泄之间存在显著相关性。考虑到PAH对儿童年龄组的不良健康影响，应强调对PAH的生物监测；需要加强预防措施。
