SNP-based association analysis for seedling traits in durum wheat ( L. (Desf.)).

In the present study, 150 accessions of worldwide originated durum wheat germplasm ( spp. ) were observed for major seedling traits and their growth. The accessions were evaluated for major seedling traits under controlled conditions of hydroponics at the 13, 20, 27 and 34 day-after germination. Biomass traits were measured at the 34 day-after germination. Correlation analysis was conducted among the seedling traits and three field traits at maturity, plant height, grain weight and 1000-grain weight observed in four consecutive years. Associations of the measured seedling traits and SNP markers were analyzed based on the mixed linear model (MLM). The results indicated that highly significant genetic variation and robust heritability were found for the seedling and field mature traits. In total, 259 significant associations were detected for all the traits and four growth stages. The phenotypic variation explained (R2) by a single SNP marker is higher than 10% for most (84%) of the significant SNP markers. Forty-six SNP markers associated with multiple traits, indicating non-neglectable pleiotropy in seedling stage. The associated SNP markers could be helpful for genetic analysis of seedling traits, and marker-assisted breeding of new wheat varieties with strong seedling vigor.