Marzario Stefania, Sica Rita, Taranto Francesca, Fania Fabio, Esposito Salvatore, De Vita Pasquale, Gioia Tania, Logozzo Giuseppina
School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Bari, Italy.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Aug 28;14:1206560. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206560. eCollection 2023.
Durum wheat is a worldwide staple crop cultivated mainly in the Mediterranean basin. Progress in durum wheat breeding requires the exploitation of genetic variation among the gene pool enclosed in landraces, old cultivars and modern cultivars. The aim of this study was to provide a more comprehensive view of the genetic architecture evolution among 123 durum wheat accessions (41 landraces, 41 old cultivars and 41 modern cultivars), grown in replicated randomized complete block in two areas, Metaponto (Basilicata) and Foggia (Apulia), using the Illumina iSelect 15K wheat SNP array and 33 plant and kernel traits including the International Union for the Protection of new Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors. Through DAPC and Bayesian population structure five groups were identified according to type of material data and reflecting the genetic basis and breeding strategies involved in their development. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were low for kernel width (6.43%) and for grain protein content (1.03%). Highly significant differences between environments, genotypes and GEI (Genotype x Environment Interaction) were detected by mixed ANOVAs for agro-morphological-quality traits. Number of kernels per spike (h = 0.02) and grain protein content (h = 0.03) were not a heritability character and highly influenced by the environment. Nested ANOVAs revealed highly significant differences between DAPC clusters within environments for all traits except kernel roundness. Ten UPOV traits showed significant diversity for their frequencies in the two environments. By PCAmix multivariate analysis, plant height, heading time, spike length, weight of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and the seed related traits had heavy weight on the differentiation of the groups, while UPOV traits discriminated moderately or to a little extent. The data collected in this study provide useful resources to facilitate management and use of wheat genetic diversity that has been lost due to selection in the last decades.
硬粒小麦是一种主要在地中海盆地种植的全球主食作物。硬粒小麦育种的进展需要利用地方品种、老品种和现代品种所包含的基因库中的遗传变异。本研究的目的是利用Illumina iSelect 15K小麦SNP芯片以及包括国际植物新品种保护联盟（UPOV）描述符在内的33个植株和籽粒性状，对123份硬粒小麦种质（41份地方品种、41份老品种和41份现代品种）在两个地区（巴西利卡塔的梅塔蓬托和普利亚的福贾）的重复随机完全区组试验中种植的遗传结构演变提供更全面的认识。通过判别分析主成分（DAPC）和贝叶斯群体结构，根据材料数据类型鉴定出五个组，反映了其发育过程中涉及的遗传基础和育种策略。籽粒宽度（6.43%）和籽粒蛋白质含量（1.03%）的表型和基因型变异系数较低。通过混合方差分析检测到农艺形态品质性状在环境、基因型和基因型×环境互作（GEI）之间存在极显著差异。每穗粒数（h = 0.02）和籽粒蛋白质含量（h = 0.03）不是遗传力性状，且受环境影响很大。嵌套方差分析显示，除籽粒圆度外，所有性状在环境内的DAPC聚类之间存在极显著差异。十个UPOV性状在两种环境中的频率表现出显著差异。通过PCAmix多变量分析，株高、抽穗期、穗长、每穗粒重、千粒重和种子相关性状对组间分化影响较大，而UPOV性状的区分作用中等或较小。本研究收集的数据为促进管理和利用因过去几十年的选择而丧失的小麦遗传多样性提供了有用资源。
