Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;601-602:1476-1487. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.019. Epub 2017 Jun 8.
China has been suffering high levels of fine particulate matter (PM). Designing effective PM control strategies requires information about the contributions of different sources. In this study, a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantitatively estimate the contributions of different source sectors to PM in China. Emissions of primary PM and gas pollutants of SO, NO, and NH, which are precursors of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA, major PM components in China), from eight source categories (power plants, residential sources, industries, transportation, open burning, sea salt, windblown dust and agriculture) were separately tracked to determine their contributions to PM in 2013. Industrial sector is the largest source of SNA in Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing, followed by agriculture and power plants. Residential emissions are also important sources of SNA, especially in winter when severe pollution events often occur. Nationally, the contributions of different source sectors to annual total PM from high to low are industries, residential sources, agriculture, power plants, transportation, windblown dust, open burning and sea salt. Provincially, residential sources and industries are the major anthropogenic sources of primary PM, while industries, agriculture, power plants and transportation are important for SNA in most provinces. For total PM, residential and industrial emissions are the top two sources, with a combined contribution of 40-50% in most provinces. The contributions of power plants and agriculture to total PM are about 10%, respectively. Secondary organic aerosol accounts for about 10% of annual PM in most provinces, with higher contributions in southern provinces such as Yunnan (26%), Hainan (25%) and Taiwan (21%). Windblown dust is an important source in western provinces such as Xizang (55% of total PM), Qinghai (74%), Xinjiang (59%). The large variation in sources of PM across China suggests that PM mitigation programs should be designed separately for different regions/provinces.
中国一直饱受细颗粒物（PM）污染的困扰。设计有效的 PM 控制策略需要了解不同来源的贡献。在本研究中，应用面向源的区域多尺度空气质量模型（CMAQ）定量估计了不同源部门对中国 PM 的贡献。分别跟踪了八大源类（电厂、居民源、工业、交通、露天燃烧、海盐、风沙和农业）的一次 PM 和 SO、NO 和 NH 等气体污染物排放，以确定它们对 2013 年中国 PM 中硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐（SNA，中国主要 PM 成分）的贡献。在北京市、西安市和重庆市，工业部门是 SNA 的最大来源，其次是农业和电厂。居民排放也是 SNA 的重要来源，尤其是在严重污染事件经常发生的冬季。在全国范围内，不同源部门对年总 PM 的贡献从高到低依次为工业、居民源、农业、电厂、交通、风沙、露天燃烧和海盐。在省级层面，居民源和工业是人为一次 PM 的主要来源，而工业、农业、电厂和交通对大多数省份的 SNA 也很重要。对于总 PM，居民和工业排放是前两大来源，在大多数省份的总贡献在 40-50%左右。电厂和农业对总 PM 的贡献分别约为 10%。在大多数省份，二次有机气溶胶占年 PM 的 10%左右，在云南（26%）、海南（25%）和台湾（21%）等南方省份的贡献更高。风沙是西藏（总 PM 的 55%）、青海（74%）、新疆（59%）等西部省份的重要来源。中国各地 PM 的来源存在很大差异，这表明 PM 减排计划应针对不同地区/省份分别制定。
