Vetter Thomas R
From the Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
Anesth Analg. 2017 Jul;125(1):328-332. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002140.
The assessment of a new or existing treatment or other intervention typically answers 1 of 3 central research-related questions: (1) "Can it work?" (efficacy); (2) "Does it work?" (effectiveness); or (3) "Is it worth it?" (efficiency or cost-effectiveness). There are a number of study designs that, on a situational basis, are appropriate to apply in conducting research. These study designs are generally classified as experimental, quasiexperimental, or observational, with observational studies being further divided into descriptive and analytic categories. This second of a 2-part statistical tutorial reviews these 3 salient research questions and describes a subset of the most common types of observational study designs. Attention is focused on the strengths and weaknesses of each study design to assist in choosing which is appropriate for a given study objective and hypothesis as well as the particular study setting and available resources and data. Specific studies and papers are highlighted as examples of a well-chosen, clearly stated, and properly executed study design type.
对新的或现有的治疗方法或其他干预措施的评估通常要回答与研究相关的3个核心问题中的1个：（1）“它能起作用吗？”（疗效）；（2）“它确实起作用吗？”（效果）；或者（3）“它值得吗？”（效率或成本效益）。有许多研究设计，根据具体情况，适用于开展研究。这些研究设计通常分为实验性、半实验性或观察性，观察性研究又进一步分为描述性和分析性类别。这个两部分的统计学教程的第二部分回顾了这3个突出的研究问题，并描述了最常见的观察性研究设计类型的一个子集。重点关注每种研究设计的优缺点，以帮助选择适合给定研究目标和假设以及特定研究环境、可用资源和数据的设计。具体的研究和论文被作为精心选择、表述清晰且执行得当的研究设计类型的示例加以突出展示。
