Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
Oral Dis. 2018 Jul;24(5):685-695. doi: 10.1111/odi.12699. Epub 2017 Jul 14.
To develop a new generation of diagnostics for halitosis, replacing the subjective organoleptic assessment, a series of exhaled breath analyzers has been developed and assessed. All three devices rely on the assessment of exhaled volatile sulfuric compounds (VSCs), which are mainly generated in and emitted from the oral cavity, contributing to the malodor. Portable, on-site and easy to use, these devices have potential for non-invasive diagnosis of halitosis. However, global assessment of exhaled VSCs alone has two main drawbacks: (i) the absence of VSCs does not rule out halitosis; (ii) non-sulfuric volatile compounds that could be biomarkers of systemic diseases, found in up to 15% of halitosis cases, are neglected. In this article, we review and discuss progress to date in the field of oral/exhaled volatile compounds as potential non-invasive diagnostics for halitosis. We will briefly describe the generation of these compounds both from local (oral) and distal (extra-oral) sources. In addition, we debate the different analytical approaches in use and discuss the potential value of bio-inspired artificially intelligent olfaction in diagnosing and classifying oral and systemic diseases by analyzing exhaled breath.
为了开发新一代口臭诊断方法，取代主观的感官评估，已经开发和评估了一系列呼气分析仪。这三种设备都依赖于对呼出挥发性硫化合物（VSCs）的评估，这些化合物主要在口腔内产生并从口腔中释放出来，导致口臭。这些设备便携、现场使用且易于操作，具有对口臭进行非侵入性诊断的潜力。然而，仅对呼出 VSCs 的全球评估有两个主要缺点：(i) 没有 VSCs 并不能排除口臭；(ii) 非硫挥发性化合物可能是系统性疾病的生物标志物，在多达 15%的口臭病例中被忽视。在本文中，我们回顾和讨论了迄今为止在口腔/呼气挥发性化合物领域作为口臭非侵入性诊断方法的进展。我们将简要描述这些化合物从局部（口腔）和远端（口腔外）来源产生的情况。此外，我们还讨论了目前使用的不同分析方法，并通过分析呼气来讨论仿生人工智能嗅觉在诊断和分类口腔和系统性疾病方面的潜在价值。
