Gavens Lucy, Holmes John, Buykx Penny, de Vocht Frank, Egan Matt, Grace Daniel, Lock Karen, Mooney John D, Brennan Alan
University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
Health Place. 2019 May;57:358-364. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.016. Epub 2017 Jun 13.
Recent years have seen a rise in new and innovative policies to reduce alcohol consumption and related harm in England, which can be implemented by local, as opposed to national, policy-makers. The aim of this paper is to explore the processes that underpin the adoption of these alcohol policies within local authorities. In particular, it aims to assess whether the concept of policy transfer (i.e. a process through which knowledge about policies in one place is used in the development of policies in another time or place) provides a useful model for understanding local alcohol policy-making.
Qualitative data generated through in-depth interviews and focus groups from five case study sites across England were used to explore stakeholder experiences of alcohol policy transfer between local authorities. The purposive sample of policy actors included representatives from the police, trading standards, public health, licensing, and commissioning. Thematic analysis was used inductively to identify key features in the data.
Themes from the policy transfer literature identified in the data were: policy copying, emulating, hybridization, and inspiration. Participants described a multitude of ways in which learning was shared between places, ranging from formal academic evaluation to opportunistic conversations in informal settings. Participants also described facilitators and constraints to policy transfer, such as the historical policy context and the local cultural, economic, and bureaucratic context, which influenced whether or not a policy that was perceived to work in one place might be transferred successfully to another context.
Theories of policy transfer provide a promising framework for characterising processes of local alcohol policy-making in England, extending beyond debates regarding evidence-informed policy to account for a much wider range of considerations. Applying a policy transfer lens enables us to move beyond simple (but still important) questions of what is supported by 'robust' research evidence by paying greater attention to how policy making is carried out in practice and the multiple methods by which policies diffuse across jurisdictions.
近年来，英格兰出台了一系列新的创新性政策，旨在减少酒精消费及相关危害，这些政策可由地方而非国家政策制定者实施。本文旨在探讨地方当局采纳这些酒精政策的背后过程。具体而言，其目的是评估政策转移概念（即一个地方的政策知识被用于另一时间或地点政策制定的过程）是否为理解地方酒精政策制定提供了有用的模型。
通过对英格兰五个案例研究地点进行深入访谈和焦点小组讨论所产生的定性数据，用于探究地方当局之间酒精政策转移的利益相关者经验。政策行为者的目的抽样包括警察、贸易标准、公共卫生、许可和委托方面的代表。采用主题分析法归纳识别数据中的关键特征。
数据中确定的政策转移文献主题有：政策复制、效仿、融合和启发。参与者描述了地方之间分享经验的多种方式，从正式的学术评估到非正式场合的机会性对话。参与者还描述了政策转移的促进因素和制约因素，如历史政策背景以及当地文化、经济和官僚背景，这些因素影响着在一个地方被认为有效的政策能否成功转移到另一个地方。
政策转移理论为描述英格兰地方酒精政策制定过程提供了一个有前景的框架，其范围超越了循证政策的辩论，涵盖了更广泛的考虑因素。运用政策转移视角使我们能够超越关于“有力”研究证据支持什么的简单（但仍然重要）问题，更加关注政策在实践中的制定方式以及政策在不同辖区传播的多种方式。
