Thijssen Sandra, Wildeboer Andrea, van IJzendoorn Marinus H, Muetzel Ryan L, Langeslag Sandra J E, Jaddoe Vincent W V, Verhulst Frank C, Tiemeier Henning, Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J, White Tonya
School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2017 Oct;162:225-241. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.05.009. Epub 2017 Jun 14.
This study examined situational, psychological, and neurobiological factors associated with deceptive behavior in 8-year-old children. By assessing deception in low- and high-risk conditions, we differentiated between children displaying some dishonesty and children who deceived repeatedly, and we assessed the correlates of deception in 163 children. A large majority of the children were deceptive in the low-risk condition (n=121, 74.2%), but most children refrained from deception when at risk for getting caught (69 of 121). Using an aggregate score, children who continued deceiving could be discriminated from other children based on gender, lower age, lower IQ, less effortful control, and lower educated mothers. Compared with honest children and high-risk deceivers, low-risk deceivers differed on an aggregate score, suggesting that they were more likely to be girls and to come from higher income families. Compared with the other children, high-risk deceivers showed decreased activation in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right frontal pole during the low-risk condition, suggesting decreased engagement in conflict monitoring and error detection during opportunities for deception. In high-risk deceivers, high-risk deception was associated with increased bilateral ACC and right paracingulate gyrus activation compared with low-risk deception. High-risk deceivers may require a higher level of risk to engage the ACC to the same degree as low-risk deceivers or honest children. Our results suggest that deceptive behavior in children seems to be largely dependent on the estimated likelihood of getting caught. High-risk deceivers form a distinct group with different cognitive and neurobiological characteristics compared with honest children and low-risk deceivers.
本研究考察了与8岁儿童欺骗行为相关的情境、心理和神经生物学因素。通过评估低风险和高风险条件下的欺骗行为，我们区分了表现出一定不诚实行为的儿童和反复欺骗的儿童，并对163名儿童的欺骗行为相关因素进行了评估。绝大多数儿童在低风险条件下存在欺骗行为（n = 121，74.2%），但大多数儿童在有被抓住的风险时会克制欺骗行为（121名中有69名）。使用综合得分，持续欺骗的儿童可以根据性别、年龄较小、智商较低、自控能力较差以及母亲受教育程度较低与其他儿童区分开来。与诚实儿童和高风险欺骗者相比，低风险欺骗者在综合得分上存在差异，这表明他们更可能是女孩，且来自收入较高的家庭。与其他儿童相比，高风险欺骗者在低风险条件下双侧前扣带回皮质（ACC）和右侧额极的激活减少，这表明在欺骗机会中，他们在冲突监测和错误检测方面的参与度降低。在高风险欺骗者中，与低风险欺骗相比，高风险欺骗与双侧ACC和右侧扣带旁回激活增加有关。高风险欺骗者可能需要更高程度的风险才能使ACC达到与低风险欺骗者或诚实儿童相同的激活水平。我们的结果表明，儿童的欺骗行为似乎在很大程度上取决于被抓住的估计可能性。与诚实儿童和低风险欺骗者相比，高风险欺骗者形成了一个具有不同认知和神经生物学特征的独特群体。
