The impact of silver nanoparticles on marine plankton dynamics: Dependence on coating, size and concentration.

During this study, three microcosm experiments were carried out with natural coastal seawater, collected in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, in order to assess the effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure to natural plankton communities. The impact of coating (branched-polyethyleneimine: BPEI vs. poly-vinylpyrrolidone: PVP), size (40 vs. 60nm), concentration (200, 500, 2000, 5000 and 10,000ng Ag L) and silver form (dissolved Ag vs. AgNPs) were tested. The results of chlorophyll a concentration revealed that PVP AgNPs caused a higher toxicity than BPEI AgNPs, and this was possibly related to the measured higher dissolution rate. Additionally, toxicity of BPEI AgNPs was size-dependent, with 40 being more toxic than 60 nm AgNPs, which was nevertheless not seen clearly for PVP AgNPs. Interestingly, community composition altered in response to AgNP exposure: cyanobacterial abundance was negatively affected at concentrations ≥200ng Ag L, and dinoflagellate abundance and composition were altered at a 2000ng Ag L concentration. Specifically, dinoflagellate (Gymnodinium, Prorocentrum and Gyrodinium) and diatom (Nitzschia, Navicula and Climacosphenia) genera either increased or decreased, highlighting taxa-specific effects, with some of them being able to tolerate, compensate or even benefit from AgNPs. Silver in either form (dissolved Ag or in NPs) caused almost identical results in the plankton community, further indicating that Ag release is the primary cause of AgNP toxicity. This study employed for the first time environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations (minimum 200ng Ag L) in natural seawater without pre-filtration steps and showed that community changes were driven by the exposure but were largely dependent on ambient physico-chemical characteristics and should be further investigated.