Schleifer Rebecca, Pol Luciana
Consultant on HIV, human rights, and the law for the UN Development Programme and a visiting fellow at the Yale Global Health Justice Partnership, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Senior fellow of security policy and human rights at the Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (Center for Legal and Social Studies), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Health Hum Rights. 2017 Jun;19(1):253-261.
Discrimination and inequality shape women's experiences of drug use and in the drug trade and the impact of drug control efforts on them, with disproportionate burdens faced by poor and otherwise marginalized women. In recent years, UN member states and UN drug control and human rights entities have recognized this issue and made commitments to integrate a 'gender perspective' into drug control policies, with 'gender' limited to those conventionally deemed women. But the concept of gender in international law is broader, rooted in socially constructed and culturally determined norms and expectations around gender roles, sex, and sexuality. Also, drug control policies often fail to meaningfully address the specific needs and circumstances of women (inclusively defined), leaving them at risk of recurrent violations of their rights in the context of drugs. This article explores what it means to 'mainstream' this narrower version of gender into drug control efforts, using as examples various women's experiences as people who use drugs, in the drug trade, and in the criminal justice system. It points to international guidelines on human rights and drug control as an important tool to ensure attention to women's rights in drug control policy design and implementation.
歧视和不平等塑造了女性在吸毒及毒品交易方面的经历，以及毒品管制措施对她们的影响，贫困及其他边缘化女性面临着不成比例的负担。近年来，联合国会员国以及联合国毒品管制和人权实体已经认识到这一问题，并承诺将“性别视角”纳入毒品管制政策，其中“性别”仅限于传统意义上被视为女性的群体。但国际法中的性别概念更为宽泛，它植根于围绕性别角色、性别和性取向的社会建构及文化决定的规范和期望。此外，毒品管制政策往往未能切实满足（广义定义的）女性的具体需求和情况，使她们在涉毒背景下面临权利屡屡受到侵犯的风险。本文以各类女性作为吸毒者、从事毒品交易以及身处刑事司法系统中的经历为例，探讨将这种狭义的性别观念“主流化”到毒品管制工作中意味着什么。文章指出，人权和毒品管制方面的国际准则是确保在毒品管制政策设计和实施过程中关注女性权利的重要工具。
