Friesenbichler Bernd, Item-Glatthorn Julia F, Neunstöcklin Fabian, Casartelli Nicola C, Guilhem Gaël, Maffiuletti Nicola A
a Human Performance Lab , Schulthess Clinic , Zurich , Switzerland.
b Department of Performance Diagnostics , Schulthess Clinic , Zurich , Switzerland.
Sports Biomech. 2018 Jun;17(2):216-226. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1271008. Epub 2017 Mar 1.
Dinghy sailors lean their upper body over the windward side of the boat ('hiking') to keep the boat's balance and maximise its speed. Sustaining the hiking position is essential for competitive performance and this study examined sport-specific differences of muscles relevant for hiking in elite sailors. Knee extensor muscle strength as well as trunk muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle thickness were assessed in elite dinghy sailors (n = 15) and compared to matched, non-sailing controls (n = 15). Isometric extensor strength was significantly higher in sailors at 60° (+14%) but not at 20° knee flexion. Sailors showed significantly higher trunk flexor (but not extensor) strength under isometric (+18%) and eccentric (+11%) conditions, which was associated to greater muscle thickness (rectus abdominis +40%; external oblique +26%) and higher endurance for ventral (+66%) and lateral (+61%) muscle chains compared to non-sailors. Greater muscles thickness and the particular biomechanical requirements to maintain the hiking position may drive the increases in isometric and eccentric muscle strength as well as ventral and lateral trunk endurance. The current findings identified sport-specific muscle function differences and provide performance benchmarks for muscle strength and endurance in elite sailors.
小艇船员会将上半身靠在船的迎风面（“倾斜身体”）以保持船的平衡并使其速度最大化。保持倾斜身体的姿势对于竞技表现至关重要，本研究调查了精英船员中与倾斜身体相关肌肉的特定运动差异。对15名精英小艇船员的膝伸肌力量以及躯干肌肉力量、肌肉耐力和肌肉厚度进行了评估，并与15名匹配的非航海对照组进行了比较。在膝关节屈曲60°时，船员的等长伸肌力量显著更高（增加14%），但在20°时没有差异。在等长（增加18%）和离心（增加11%）条件下，船员的躯干屈肌（而非伸肌）力量显著更高，这与更大的肌肉厚度（腹直肌增加40%；腹外斜肌增加26%）以及与非船员相比腹侧（增加66%）和外侧（增加61%）肌肉链更高的耐力有关。更大的肌肉厚度以及保持倾斜身体姿势的特殊生物力学要求可能推动了等长和离心肌肉力量以及腹侧和外侧躯干耐力的增加。目前的研究结果确定了特定运动的肌肉功能差异，并为精英船员的肌肉力量和耐力提供了性能基准。
