Arizona State University.
Child Dev. 2018 Sep;89(5):1545-1552. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12876. Epub 2017 Jun 21.
This study assessed children's (N = 236) ability to introspect the mental states of seeing and knowing relative to their ability to attribute each state to others. Children could introspect seeing 10 months before they could introspect knowing. Two- and 3-year-olds correctly reported their own seeing states, whereas 3- and 4-year-olds correctly reported their own knowing states. For each mental state, there was a 7-month difference before children could correctly attribute that state to another. These findings indicate that knowing is more difficult to introspect than seeing and that the ability to introspect each mental state emerges prior to the ability to correctly attribute them to others. Theoretical implications for self-other differences in theory-of-mind development are considered.
本研究评估了儿童（N=236）内省看见和知道的心理状态的能力，以及将每种状态归因于他人的能力。儿童可以在 10 个月内内省看见，而可以在 10 个月内内省知道。2 岁和 3 岁的儿童正确地报告了自己的看见状态，而 3 岁和 4 岁的儿童正确地报告了自己的知道状态。对于每种心理状态，在儿童能够正确地将该状态归因于他人之前，都有 7 个月的差异。这些发现表明，知道比看见更难内省，并且内省每种心理状态的能力先于正确地将它们归因于他人的能力。考虑了自我与他人在心理理论发展方面差异的理论意义。
