High dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: Emerging questions, newer agents, and changing paradigm.

Primary treatment for adult and pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) using current multiagent anthracycline-based chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy will cure approximately >70% of the patients; >95% for early stage with a favorable risk profile and 70-75% with advanced stage and high risk features. Managing refractory and relapsed disease, however, remains a challenge. High dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) can salvage 40-70% of patients with relapsed or refractory HL. Two randomized trials in relapsed and refractory patients showed superior progression free survival. This presentation addresses some of the salient differences and changes in the management that have evolved over the last decade and have either already affected, or are likely to affect the outcome of HDC auto-SCT. The following will discussed. 1. Historic trials and other emerging issues impacting the outcome of HDC auto-SCT. 2. Changes in the primary treatment and response adapted therapy. 3. Evaluation and validation of prognostic factors at the time of first failure. 4. Selection of salvage chemotherapy. 5. Conditioning regimens. 6. Consolidation after HDC auto-SCT. 7. Management of failures of HDC auto-SCT. 8. Availability of financial resources in various healthcare systems. Enrolment in clinical trials should be encouraged.