de la Vega Ricardo, Alberti Sara, Ruíz-Barquín Roberto, Soós István, Szabo Attila
a Departamento de Educación Física , Deporte y Motricidad Humana Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
b Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación (Interfacultativo) , Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Sep;17(8):1084-1089. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1339735. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
Placebo and nocebo effects occur in response to subjective expectations and their subsequent neural actions. Research shows that information shapes expectations that, consequently, influence people's behaviour. In this study, we examined the effects of a fictive and inert green colour energy drink provided for three groups (n = 20/group) with different information. The first group was led to expect that the drink augments running performance (positive information), the second group was led to expect that the drink may or may not improve performance (partial-positive information), while the third group was told that earlier research could not demonstrate that the drink improves performance (neutral/control). At baseline, the three groups did not differ in their 200-m sprint performance (p > .05). One week later, 20-min immediately after ingesting the drink, all participants again ran 200 m. The positive information group increased its performance by 2.41 s, which was statistically significant (p < .001) and also perceived its sprint-time shorter (p < .05) than the other two groups. A better performance (0.97 s) that approached but did not reach statistical significance was also noted in the partial-positive information group, and a lesser change (0.72 s) that was statistically not significant was noted in the neutral information control group. These results reveal that drinking an inert liquid, primed with positive information, changes both the actual and the self-perceived time on a 200-m sprint. The current findings also suggest that the level of certainty of the information might be linked to the magnitude of change in performance.
安慰剂和反安慰剂效应是由主观期望及其随后的神经活动引起的。研究表明，信息塑造期望，进而影响人们的行为。在本研究中，我们对三组（每组n = 20）提供了虚构的无活性绿色能量饮料，并给予不同信息。第一组被引导期望该饮料能提高跑步成绩（积极信息），第二组被引导期望该饮料可能提高成绩，也可能不会（部分积极信息），而第三组被告知早期研究未能证明该饮料能提高成绩（中性/对照）。在基线时，三组的200米短跑成绩没有差异（p > 0.05）。一周后，在饮用饮料后立即进行20分钟，所有参与者再次跑200米。积极信息组的成绩提高了2.41秒，具有统计学意义（p < 0.001），并且其短跑时间也比其他两组短（p < 0.05）。部分积极信息组的成绩也有所提高（0.97秒），接近但未达到统计学意义，而中性信息对照组的成绩变化较小（0.72秒），无统计学意义。这些结果表明，饮用一种由积极信息引导的无活性液体，会改变200米短跑的实际时间和自我感知时间。目前的研究结果还表明，信息的确定性水平可能与成绩变化的幅度有关。
