Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain.
Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Aug 1;51(15):8460-8470. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02521. Epub 2017 Jul 13.
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment, including remote polar regions. To evaluate the role of snow deposition as an input of PFAS to Maritime Antarctica, fresh snow deposition, surface snow, streams from melted snow, coastal seawater, and plankton samples were collected over a three-month period (December 2014-February 2015) at Livingston Island. Local sources of PFASs were significant for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and C7-14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in snow but limited to the transited areas of the research station. The concentrations of 14 ionizable PFAS (∑PFAS) in freshly deposited snow (760-3600 pg L) were 1 order of magnitude higher than those in background surface snow (82-430 pg L). ∑PFAS ranged from 94 to 420 pg L in seawater and from 3.1 to 16 ng g in plankton. Ratios of individual PFAS concentrations in freshly deposited snow relative to surface snow (C/C), snowmelt (C/C), and seawater (C/C) were close to 1 (from 0.44 to 1.4) for all perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) isomers, suggesting that snowfall does not contribute significantly to PFOS in seawater. Conversely, these ratios for PFCAs ranged from 1 to 33 and were positively correlated with the number of carbons in the PFCA alkylated chain. These trends suggest that snow deposition, scavenging sea-salt aerosol bound PFAS, plays a role as a significant input of PFCAs to the Maritime Antarctica.
全氟烷基物质（PFAS）在环境中无处不在，包括偏远的极地地区。为了评估雪沉积作为 PFAS 输入到南极海域的作用，在 2014 年 12 月至 2015 年 2 月期间，在利文斯顿岛收集了新鲜雪沉积、地表雪、融化雪的溪流、沿海水域和浮游生物样本。PFAS 的本地来源对全氟烷基磺酸盐（PFSA）和 C7-14 全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）在雪中具有重要意义，但仅限于研究站的过境区。新沉积雪（760-3600 pg L）中 14 种可电离 PFAS（∑PFAS）的浓度比背景地表雪（82-430 pg L）高 1 个数量级。∑PFAS 在海水中的范围为 94-420 pg L，在浮游生物中为 3.1-16 ng g。新鲜沉积雪与地表雪（C/C）、雪融（C/C）和海水（C/C）中各 PFAS 浓度的比值接近 1（从 0.44 到 1.4），对于所有全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）异构体，表明降雪对海水 PFOS 的贡献不大。相反，这些比值对于 PFCAs 范围从 1 到 33，并且与 PFCAs 烷基化链中的碳原子数呈正相关。这些趋势表明，雪沉积，清除海盐气溶胶结合的 PFAS，在南极海域中扮演着 PFCAs 重要输入的角色。
