van Zoest Wieske, Van der Stigchel Stefan, Donk Mieke
Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Corso Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2017 Aug;79(6):1555-1572. doi: 10.3758/s13414-017-1352-3.
Attention and eye movements provide a window into the selective processing of visual information. Evidence suggests that selection is influenced by various factors and is not always under the strategic control of the observer. The aims of this tutorial review are to give a brief introduction to eye movements and attention and to outline the conditions that help determine control. Evidence suggests that the ability to establish control depends on the complexity of the display as well as the point in time at which selection occurs. Stimulus-driven selection is more probable in simple displays than in complex natural scenes, but it critically depends on the timing of the response: Salience determines selection only when responses are triggered quickly following display presentation, and plays no role in longer-latency responses. The time course of selection is also important for the relationship between attention and eye movements. Specifically, attention and eye movements appear to act independently when oculomotor selection is quick, whereas attentional processes are able to influence oculomotor control when saccades are triggered only later in time. This relationship may also be modulated by whether the eye movement is controlled in a voluntary or an involuntary manner. To conclude, we present evidence that shows that visual control is limited in flexibility and that the mechanisms of selection are constrained by context and time. The outcome of visual selection changes with the situational context, and knowing the constraints of control is necessary to understanding when and how visual selection is truly controlled by the observer.
注意力和眼动为视觉信息的选择性加工提供了一个窗口。有证据表明，选择受到多种因素的影响，并不总是处于观察者的策略控制之下。本教程综述的目的是简要介绍眼动和注意力，并概述有助于确定控制的条件。有证据表明，建立控制的能力取决于显示的复杂性以及选择发生的时间点。在简单显示中，刺激驱动的选择比在复杂的自然场景中更有可能，但它关键取决于反应的时机：显著性仅在显示呈现后快速触发反应时才决定选择，而在较长潜伏期的反应中不起作用。选择的时间进程对于注意力和眼动之间的关系也很重要。具体而言，当眼动选择很快时，注意力和眼动似乎独立起作用，而当扫视仅在稍后时间触发时，注意力过程能够影响眼动控制。这种关系也可能受到眼动是由自愿还是非自愿方式控制的调节。总之，我们提供的证据表明视觉控制在灵活性方面是有限的，并且选择机制受到情境和时间的限制。视觉选择的结果随情境而变化，了解控制的限制对于理解观察者何时以及如何真正控制视觉选择是必要的。
