Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,the Netherlands.
Psychol Med. 2018 Jan;48(2):229-244. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001775. Epub 2017 Jul 10.
The concept of schizophrenia only covers the 30% poor outcome fraction of a much broader multidimensional psychotic syndrome, yet paradoxically has become the dominant prism through which everything 'psychotic' is observed, even affective states with mild psychosis labelled 'ultra-high risk' (for schizophrenia). The inability of psychiatry to frame psychosis as multidimensional syndromal variation of largely unpredictable course and outcome - within and between individuals - hampers research and recovery-oriented practice. 'Psychosis' remains firmly associated with 'schizophrenia', as evidenced by a vigorous stream of high-impact but non-replicable attempts to 'reverse-engineer' the hypothesized biological disease entity, using case-control paradigms that cannot distinguish between risk for illness onset and risk for poor outcome. In this paper, the main issues surrounding the concept of schizophrenia are described. We tentatively conclude that with the advent of broad spectrum phenotypes covering autism and addiction in DSM5, the prospect for introducing a psychosis spectrum disorder - and modernizing psychiatry - appears to be within reach.
精神分裂症的概念仅涵盖了更为广泛的多维精神病综合征中预后较差的 30%部分,但矛盾的是,它已成为观察所有“精神病”的主导视角,甚至将具有轻度精神病的情感状态也标记为“超高风险”(精神分裂症)。精神病学无法将精神病描述为个体内部和个体之间的、具有很大不可预测性的多维综合征变化,这阻碍了研究和以康复为导向的实践。“精神病”仍然与“精神分裂症”紧密相关,这一点可以从大量高影响力但不可复制的尝试中得到证明,这些尝试试图使用病例对照范式来“反向工程”假设的生物疾病实体,而这种范式无法区分疾病发作的风险和预后不良的风险。本文描述了围绕精神分裂症概念的主要问题。我们初步得出结论,随着 DSM5 中涵盖自闭症和成瘾的广谱表型的出现,引入精神病谱障碍——以及精神医学的现代化——似乎触手可及。