Wagmiller Robert L, Gage-Bouchard Elizabeth, Karraker Amelia
Department of Sociology, Temple University, 713 Gladfelter Hall, 1115 West Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
Demography. 2017 Aug;54(4):1251-1275. doi: 10.1007/s13524-017-0593-z.
Studies of racial residential segregation have found that black-white segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas has declined slowly but steadily since the early 1970s. As of this writing, black-white residential segregation in the United States is approximately 25 % lower than it was in 1970. To identify the sources of this decline, we used individual-level, geocoded data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to compare the residential attainment of different cohorts of blacks. We analyzed these data using Blinder-Oaxaca regression decomposition techniques that partition the decline in residential segregation among cohorts into the decline resulting from (1) changes in the social and economic characteristics of blacks and (2) changes in the association between blacks' social and economic characteristics and the level of residential segregation they experience. Our findings show that black cohorts entering adulthood prior to the civil rights movement of the 1960s experienced consistently high levels of residential segregation at middle age, but that cohorts transitioning to adulthood during and after this period of racial progress experienced significantly lower levels of residential segregation. We find that the decline in black-white residential segregation for these later cohorts reflects both their greater social and economic attainment and a strengthening of the association between socioeconomic characteristics and residential segregation. Educational gains for the post-civil rights era cohorts and improved access to integrated neighborhoods for high school graduates and college attendees in these later cohorts were the principal source of improved residential integration over this period.
关于种族居住隔离的研究发现，自20世纪70年代初以来，美国大都市区的黑白隔离现象虽缓慢但持续下降。截至撰写本文时，美国的黑白居住隔离程度比1970年约低25%。为了确定这种下降的原因，我们使用了收入动态面板研究（PSID）中的个人层面地理编码数据，比较不同时期黑人的居住情况。我们使用布林德-奥瓦卡回归分解技术分析这些数据，该技术将不同时期居住隔离的下降分为两部分：一是黑人社会经济特征变化导致的下降，二是黑人社会经济特征与他们所经历的居住隔离水平之间关联变化导致的下降。我们的研究结果表明，20世纪60年代民权运动之前成年的黑人在中年时一直经历着高水平的居住隔离，但在这一种族进步时期及之后成年的群体经历的居住隔离水平显著较低。我们发现，这些后期群体的黑白居住隔离下降既反映了他们在社会和经济方面取得的更大成就，也反映了社会经济特征与居住隔离之间关联的增强。民权运动后时期群体的教育进步以及这些后期群体中高中毕业生和大学毕业生进入融合社区的机会增加，是这一时期居住融合改善的主要原因。
