Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Mar;25(9):8249-8267. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9568-2. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
The Mediterranean basin can be considered a hot spot not only in terms of climate change (CC) but also for air quality. Assessing the impact of CC and air pollution on ecosystem functions is a challenging task, and adequate monitoring techniques are needed. This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the use of reflectance spectroscopy for the evaluation of the effects of air pollution on plants. First, the history of this technique is outlined. Next, we describe the vegetation reflectance spectrum, how it can be scaled from leaf to landscape levels, what information it contains, and how it can be exploited to understand plant and ecosystem functions. Finally, we review the literature concerning this topic, with special attention to Mediterranean air pollutants, showing the increasing interest in this technique. The ability of spectroscopy to detect the influence of air pollution on plant function of all major and minor Mediterranean pollutants has been evaluated, and ozone and its interaction with other gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide) have been the most studied. In the recent years, novel air pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen deposition, and heavy metals, have drawn attention. Although various vegetation types have been studied, few of these species are representative of the Mediterranean environment. Thus, major emphasis should be placed on using vegetation spectroscopy for better understanding and monitoring the impact of air pollution on Mediterranean plants in the CC era.
地中海盆地不仅在气候变化（CC）方面，而且在空气质量方面都可以被视为一个热点。评估 CC 和空气污染对生态系统功能的影响是一项具有挑战性的任务，需要足够的监测技术。本文总结了目前关于使用反射光谱法评估空气污染对植物影响的知识。首先，概述了该技术的历史。接下来，我们描述了植被反射光谱，它如何从叶片尺度扩展到景观尺度，它包含哪些信息，以及如何利用它来了解植物和生态系统的功能。最后，我们回顾了有关该主题的文献，特别关注地中海空气污染物，展示了人们对该技术日益增长的兴趣。已经评估了光谱法检测所有主要和次要地中海污染物对植物功能的空气污染影响的能力，臭氧及其与其他气体（二氧化碳、氮氧化物和二氧化硫）的相互作用是研究最多的。近年来，新型空气污染物，如颗粒物、氮沉降和重金属，引起了人们的关注。虽然已经研究了各种植被类型，但这些物种中很少有能代表地中海环境的。因此，应该更加重视利用植被光谱学来更好地了解和监测 CC 时代空气污染对地中海植物的影响。
