Pohl Hana R, Ingber Susan Z, Abadin Henry G
Met Ions Life Sci. 2017 Apr 10;17. doi: 10.1515/9783110434330-013.
Lead has been used in many commodities for centuries. As a result, human exposure has occurred through the production and use of these lead-containing products. For example, leaded gasoline, lead-based paint, and lead solder/pipes in water distribution systems have been important in terms of exposure potential to the general population. Worker exposures occur in various industrial activities such as lead smelting and refining, battery manufacturing, steel welding or cutting operations, printing, and construction. Some industrial locations have also been a source of exposure to the surrounding communities. While the toxicity of relatively high lead exposures has been recognized for centuries, modern scientific studies have shown adverse health effects at very low doses, particularly in the developing nervous system of fetuses and children. This chapter reflects on historical and current views on lead toxicity. It also addresses the development and evolution of exposure prevention policies. As discussed here, these lead policies target a variety of potential exposure routes and sources. The changes reflect our better understanding of lead toxicity. The chapter provides lead-related guidelines and regulations currently valid in the U. S. and in many countries around the world. The reader will learn about the significant progress that has been made through regulations and guidelines to reduce exposure and prevent lead toxicity.
几个世纪以来,铅一直被用于多种商品中。因此,人类通过生产和使用这些含铅产品而接触到铅。例如,含铅汽油、铅基涂料以及供水系统中的铅焊料/管道,在普通人群的接触可能性方面都具有重要影响。工人在各种工业活动中会接触到铅,如铅冶炼和精炼、电池制造、钢铁焊接或切割作业、印刷以及建筑施工等。一些工业场所也成为周边社区接触铅的来源。虽然几个世纪以来人们已经认识到相对高剂量铅暴露的毒性,但现代科学研究表明,极低剂量的铅也会对健康产生不良影响,尤其是对胎儿和儿童发育中的神经系统。本章回顾了关于铅毒性的历史和当前观点。它还探讨了接触预防政策的发展与演变。如这里所讨论的,这些铅政策针对各种潜在的接触途径和来源。这些变化反映了我们对铅毒性有了更深入的了解。本章提供了目前在美国及世界许多国家有效的与铅相关的指南和法规。读者将了解到通过法规和指南在减少接触和预防铅毒性方面所取得的重大进展。