Origin of rice ( L.) domestication genes.

A number of genes that contribute to the domestication traits of cultivated rice have been identified. These include , , and , which are associated with non-shattering rachis, white pericarp, erect growth and barbless awns, respectively. The mutations giving rise to the "domestication alleles" of these genes are either invariable in cultivated rice, or have variability that is strictly associated with the phenotypic trait. This observation forms the basis to those current rice domestication models that envisage a single origin for the domesticated phenotype. Such models assume that the domestication alleles are absent or rare in wild rice, emerged under cultivation and spread across all rice groups by introgressive hybridization. We examined whole-genome sequencing datasets for wild and cultivated rice to test the former two assumptions. We found that the and alleles occur in wild rice with broad geographical distribution, and reach frequencies as high as 13 and 15%, respectively. These results are in agreement with previous observations of the and domestication alleles in wild populations. We also show that the diversity of the genomic regions surrounding the , , and alleles in wild accessions is greater than that in cultivated rice, suggesting that these alleles emerged prior to domestication. Our findings indicate that the possibility that independent rice groups obtained identical domestication alleles directly from the wild population needs to be considered.