Casey Joan A, Morello-Frosch Rachel, Mennitt Daniel J, Fristrup Kurt, Ogburn Elizabeth L, James Peter
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars Program, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley , California, USA.
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, and the School of Public Health; University of California , Berkeley, California, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Jul 25;125(7):077017. doi: 10.1289/EHP898.
Prior research has reported disparities in environmental exposures in the United States, but, to our knowledge, no nationwide studies have assessed inequality in noise pollution.
We aimed to ) assess racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in noise pollution in the contiguous United States; and ) consider the modifying role of metropolitan level racial residential segregation.
We used a geospatial sound model to estimate census block group–level median (L) nighttime and daytime noise exposure and 90th percentile (L) daytime noise exposure. Block group variables from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey (ACS) included race/ethnicity, education, income, poverty, unemployment, homeownership, and linguistic isolation. We estimated associations using polynomial terms in spatial error models adjusted for total population and population density. We also evaluated the relationship between race/ethnicity and noise, stratified by levels of metropolitan area racial residential segregation, classified using a multigroup dissimilarity index.
Generally, estimated nighttime and daytime noise levels were higher for census block groups with higher proportions of nonwhite and lower-socioeconomic status (SES) residents. For example, estimated nighttime noise levels in urban block groups with 75% vs. 0% black residents were 46.3 A-weighted decibels (dBA) [interquartile range (IQR): 44.3–47.8 dBA] and 42.3 dBA (IQR: 40.4–45.5 dBA), respectively. In urban block groups with 50% vs. 0% of residents living below poverty, estimated nighttime noise levels were 46.9 dBA (IQR: 44.7–48.5 dBA) and 44.0 dBA (IQR: 42.2–45.5 dBA), respectively. Block groups with the highest metropolitan area segregation had the highest estimated noise exposures, regardless of racial composition. Results were generally consistent between urban and suburban/rural census block groups, and for daytime and nighttime noise and robust to different spatial weight and neighbor definitions.
We found evidence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in model-based estimates of noise exposure throughout the United States. Additional research is needed to determine if differences in noise exposure may contribute to health disparities in the United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP898
先前的研究报告了美国环境暴露方面的差异，但据我们所知，尚无全国性研究评估噪声污染方面的不平等情况。
我们旨在：）评估美国本土噪声污染方面的种族/族裔和社会经济不平等情况；以及）考虑大都市层面种族居住隔离的调节作用。
我们使用地理空间声音模型来估计人口普查街区组层面的夜间和白天噪声暴露中位数（L）以及白天噪声暴露第90百分位数（L）。2006 - 2010年美国社区调查（ACS）中的街区组变量包括种族/族裔、教育程度、收入、贫困状况、失业率、住房拥有情况和语言隔离情况。我们在针对总人口和人口密度进行调整的空间误差模型中使用多项式项来估计关联。我们还按大都市地区种族居住隔离水平进行分层，使用多组差异指数进行分类，评估种族/族裔与噪声之间的关系。
总体而言，非白人居民比例较高且社会经济地位（SES）较低的人口普查街区组，其夜间和白天的估计噪声水平更高。例如，黑人居民占75%与占0%的城市街区组，夜间估计噪声水平分别为46.3 A加权分贝（dBA）[四分位间距（IQR）：44.3 - 47.8 dBA]和42.3 dBA（IQR：40.4 - 45.5 dBA）。在居民贫困率为50%与0%的城市街区组中，夜间估计噪声水平分别为46.9 dBA（IQR：44.7 - 48.5 dBA）和44.0 dBA（IQR：42.2 - 45.5 dBA）。无论种族构成如何，大都市地区隔离程度最高的街区组估计噪声暴露水平也最高。城市和郊区/农村人口普查街区组之间、白天和夜间噪声情况以及不同空间权重和邻域定义下的结果总体一致。
我们发现有证据表明在美国基于模型的噪声暴露估计中存在种族/族裔和社会经济差异。需要进一步研究以确定噪声暴露差异是否可能导致美国的健康差异。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP898
Zotero 插件
