Formation of a New, Strongly Basic Nitrogen Anion by Metal Oxide Modification.

Development of new hybrid materials having unique and unprecedented catalytic properties is a challenge for chemists, and heterogeneous-homogeneous hybrid catalysts have attracted much attention because of the preferable and exceptional properties that are highly expected to result from combination of the components. Base catalysts are widely used in organic synthesis as key materials, and a new class of base catalysts has made a large impact from academic and industrial viewpoints. Here, a principle for creating a new strong base by hybridization of homogeneous and heterogeneous components is presented. It is based on the modification of organic compounds with metal oxides by using the acid-base property of metal oxides. Based on kinetic and DFT studies, combination of CeO and 2-cyanopyridine drastically enhanced the basicity of 2-cyanopyridine by a factor of about 10 (∼9 by pK (in CHCN)), and the pK was estimated to be ∼21, which locates it in the superbase category. 2-Cyanopyridine and CeO formed a unique adsorption complex via two interaction modes: (i) coordinative interaction between the Ce atom of CeO and the N atom of the pyridine ring in 2-cyanopyridine, and (ii) covalent interaction between the surface O atom of CeO and the C atom of the CN group in 2-cyanopyridine by addition of the lattice oxygen of CeO to the CN group of 2-cyanopyridine. These interactions established a new, strongly basic site of N over the CeO surface.