Thapa Arjun, Carroll Nick J
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jul 21;18(7):1583. doi: 10.3390/ijms18071583.
Cells generate unpaired electrons, typically via oxygen- or nitrogen-based by-products during normal cellular respiration and under stressed situations. These pro-oxidant molecules are highly unstable and may oxidize surrounding cellular macromolecules. Under normal conditions, the reactive oxygen or nitrogen species can be beneficial to cell survival and function by destroying and degrading pathogens or antigens. However, excessive generation and accumulation of the reactive pro-oxidant species over time can damage proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Over time, this oxidative stress can contribute to a range of aging-related degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. It is well accepted that natural compounds, including vitamins A, C, and E, β-carotene, and minerals found in fruits and vegetables are powerful anti-oxidants that offer health benefits against several different oxidative stress induced degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is increasing interest in developing anti-oxidative therapeutics to prevent AD. There are contradictory and inconsistent reports on the possible benefits of anti-oxidative supplements; however, fruits and vegetables enriched with multiple anti-oxidants (e.g., flavonoids and polyphenols) and minerals may be highly effective in attenuating the harmful effects of oxidative stress. As the physiological activation of either protective or destructive pro-oxidant behavior remains relatively unclear, it is not straightforward to relate the efficacy of dietary anti-oxidants in disease prevention. Here, we review oxidative stress mediated toxicity associated with AD and highlight the modulatory roles of natural dietary anti-oxidants in preventing AD.
细胞通常在正常细胞呼吸过程中以及在应激情况下，通过基于氧或氮的副产物产生不成对电子。这些促氧化剂分子极不稳定，可能会氧化周围的细胞大分子。在正常情况下，活性氧或氮物种通过破坏和降解病原体或抗原，可能对细胞存活和功能有益。然而，随着时间的推移，活性促氧化剂物种的过度产生和积累会损害蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物和核酸。随着时间的推移，这种氧化应激会导致一系列与衰老相关的退行性疾病，如癌症、糖尿病、黄斑变性以及阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病。人们普遍认为，天然化合物，包括水果和蔬菜中含有的维生素A、C和E、β-胡萝卜素以及矿物质，是强大的抗氧化剂，对多种不同的氧化应激诱导的退行性疾病，包括阿尔茨海默病（AD），具有健康益处。开发抗氧化疗法来预防AD的兴趣与日俱增。关于抗氧化补充剂可能的益处，存在相互矛盾和不一致的报道；然而，富含多种抗氧化剂（如类黄酮和多酚）和矿物质的水果和蔬菜可能在减轻氧化应激的有害影响方面非常有效。由于保护性或破坏性促氧化剂行为的生理激活仍相对不清楚，因此将膳食抗氧化剂在疾病预防中的功效联系起来并非易事。在这里，我们综述了与AD相关的氧化应激介导的毒性，并强调了天然膳食抗氧化剂在预防AD中的调节作用。
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