School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 28;7(1):6803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07074-2.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a quarantined migratory endoparasite known to cause severe economic losses in pine forest ecosystems. The study presents the nematicidal effects of halogenated indoles on B. xylophilus and their action mechanisms. 5-Iodoindole and abamectin (positive control) at low concentration (10 µg/mL) presented similar and high nematicidal activities against B. xylophilus. 5-Iodoindole diminished fecundity, reproductive activities, embryonic and juvenile lethality and locomotor behaviors. Molecular interactions of ligands with invertebrate-specific glutamate gated chloride channel receptor reinforced the notion that 5-iodoindole, like abamectin, rigidly binds to the active sites of the receptor. 5-Iodoindole also induced diverse phenotypic deformities in nematodes including abnormal organ disruption/shrinkage and increased vacuolization. These findings suggest the prospective role of vacuoles in nematode death by methuosis. Importantly, 5-iodoindole was nontoxic to two plants, Brassica oleracea and Raphanus raphanistrum. Henceforth, the study warrants the application of iodoindoles in ecological environments to control the devastating pine destruction by B. xylophilus.
松材线虫是一种被隔离的迁徙内寄生线虫，已知会对松林生态系统造成严重的经济损失。本研究介绍了卤代吲哚对松材线虫的杀线虫作用及其作用机制。低浓度（10μg/mL）的 5-碘吲哚和阿维菌素（阳性对照）对松材线虫表现出相似的高杀线虫活性。5-碘吲哚降低了松材线虫的繁殖力、生殖活性、胚胎和幼体致死率以及运动行为。配体与无脊椎动物特异性谷氨酸门控氯离子通道受体的分子相互作用进一步证实了 5-碘吲哚与阿维菌素一样，刚性结合到受体的活性位点。5-碘吲哚还导致线虫出现多种表型畸形，包括器官破坏/收缩和空泡化增加。这些发现表明空泡在由甲醇诱导的线虫死亡中可能起作用。重要的是，5-碘吲哚对两种植物，甘蓝和萝卜，没有毒性。因此，本研究证明了碘吲哚在生态环境中的应用潜力，以控制松材线虫对松树的毁灭性破坏。
