Interkingdom signaling in plant-microbe interactions.

The widespread communications between prokaryotes and eukaryotes via signaling molecules are believed to affect gene expression in both partners. During the communication process, the contacted organisms produce and release small molecules that establish communication channels between two kingdoms-this procedure is known as interkingdom signaling. Interkingdom communications are widespread between pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their host plants, with diversified outcomes depending on the specific chemical-triggered signaling pathways. Deciphering the signals or language of this interkingdom communication and uncovering the underlying mechanisms are major current challenges in this field. It is evident that diverse signaling molecules can be produced or derived from bacteria and plants, and researchers have sought to identify these signals and explore the mechanisms of the signaling pathways. The results of such studies will lead to the development of strategies to improve plant disease resistance through controlling interkingdom signals, rather than directly killing the pathogenic bacteria. Also, the identification of signals produced by beneficial bacteria will be useful for agricultural applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of cross-kingdom interactions between plant and bacteria, and how LuxR-family transcription factors in plant associated bacterial quorum sensing system are involved in the interkingdom signaling.