Asaad G, Shapiro B
Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;143(9):1088-97. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.9.1088.
The authors review the literature on hallucinations; provide theoretical background on these phenomena from physiological, biochemical, and psychological points of view; and discuss the presentations of hallucinations in different diagnostic categories. The longstanding notion that hallucinations are to be equated with schizophrenia, they conclude, is clearly unfounded, and hallucinations are never pathognomonic of any given disorder but can be relatively specific for some conditions. Current knowledge and methods of research have produced no single mechanism to account for the etiology or pathogenesis of hallucinations. The authors present an integrated approach toward viewing the etiology and clinical presentation of hallucinations that involves concepts of biological vulnerability and psychological influences.
作者回顾了关于幻觉的文献；从生理、生化和心理学角度提供了这些现象的理论背景；并讨论了幻觉在不同诊断类别中的表现。他们得出结论，长期以来认为幻觉等同于精神分裂症的观念显然毫无根据，幻觉绝不是任何特定疾病的特征性表现，但在某些情况下可能相对具有特异性。目前的知识和研究方法尚未产生单一机制来解释幻觉的病因或发病机制。作者提出了一种综合方法来审视幻觉的病因和临床表现，该方法涉及生物易感性和心理影响的概念。
