Johnson Jean E, Bael David L, Sample Jeannette M, Lindgren Paula G, Kvale Dorian L
Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota (Dr Johnson and Mss Sample and Lindgren); Environmental Analysis and Outcomes Division, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St Paul, Minnesota (Messrs Bael and Kvale); and Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota (Mr Bael).
J Public Health Manag Pract. 2017 Sep/Oct;23 Suppl 5 Supplement, Environmental Public Health Tracking:S45-S52. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000613.
The Minnesota Department of Health and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency used local air pollution and public health data to estimate the impacts of particulate matter and ozone on population health, to identify disparities, and to inform decisions that will improve health.
While air quality in Minnesota currently meets federal standards, urban communities are concerned about the impact of air pollution on their health. The Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St Paul) metropolitan area includes 7 counties where fine particulate levels and rates of asthma exacerbations are elevated in some communities.
We used the Environmental Protection Agency's BenMAP (Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program) software, along with local PM2.5 (fine particulate) and ozone ambient concentrations, census and population health data, to calculate impacts for 2008 at the zip code level. The impacts were summed across all zip codes for area-wide estimates. American Community Survey data were used to stratify zip codes by poverty and race for assessment of disparities.
Attributable fraction, attributable rate and counts for all-cause mortality, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations, asthma emergency department (ED) visits, and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations.
In the Twin Cities (2008), air pollution was a contributing cause for an estimated 2% to 5% of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations and ED visits and between 6% and 13% of premature deaths. The elderly (aged 65+ years) experienced the highest air pollution-attributable rates of death and respiratory hospitalizations; children experienced the highest asthma ED visit rates. Geographical and demographic differences in air pollution-attributable health impacts across the region reflected the differences in the underlying morbidity and mortality rates.
Method was effective in demonstrating that changes in air quality can have quantifiable health impacts across the Twin Cities. Key messages and implications from this work were shared with the media, community groups, legislators and the public. The results are being used to inform initiatives aimed at reducing sources of air pollution and to address health disparities in urban communities.
明尼苏达州卫生部和明尼苏达州污染控制局利用当地空气污染和公共卫生数据，评估颗粒物和臭氧对人群健康的影响，识别差异，并为改善健康的决策提供依据。
虽然明尼苏达州目前的空气质量符合联邦标准，但城市社区仍担心空气污染对其健康的影响。双子城（明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗）大都市区包括7个县，一些社区的细颗粒物水平和哮喘加重率有所升高。
我们使用美国环境保护局的BenMAP（环境效益映射与分析程序）软件，结合当地的PM2.5（细颗粒物）和臭氧环境浓度、人口普查及人口健康数据，计算2008年邮政编码层面的影响。将所有邮政编码区域的影响汇总，得出全区域的估计值。利用美国社区调查数据，按贫困和种族对邮政编码区域进行分层，以评估差异。
全因死亡率、哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病住院率、哮喘急诊就诊率以及心血管疾病住院率的归因分数、归因率和病例数。
在双子城（2008年），空气污染估计导致2%至5%的呼吸道和心血管疾病住院及急诊就诊，以及6%至13%的过早死亡。老年人（65岁及以上）因空气污染导致死亡和呼吸道住院的发生率最高；儿童哮喘急诊就诊率最高。该地区空气污染所致健康影响的地理和人口差异反映了潜在发病率和死亡率的差异。
该方法有效地证明了空气质量变化可对双子城产生可量化的健康影响。这项工作的关键信息和影响已与媒体、社区团体、立法者和公众分享。研究结果正用于为旨在减少空气污染来源和解决城市社区健康差异的举措提供依据。
