School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
Faculty of Technology, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Risk Anal. 2018 Mar;38(3):562-584. doi: 10.1111/risa.12867. Epub 2017 Aug 2.
Currently, published risk analyses for drones refer mainly to commercial systems, use data from civil aviation, and are based on probabilistic approaches without suggesting an inclusive list of hazards and respective requirements. Within this context, this article presents: (1) a set of safety requirements generated from the application of the systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) technique on a generic small drone system; (2) a gap analysis between the set of safety requirements and the ones met by 19 popular drone models; (3) the extent of the differences between those models, their manufacturers, and the countries of origin; and (4) the association of drone prices with the extent they meet the requirements derived by STPA. The application of STPA resulted in 70 safety requirements distributed across the authority, manufacturer, end user, or drone automation levels. A gap analysis showed high dissimilarities regarding the extent to which the 19 drones meet the same safety requirements. Statistical results suggested a positive correlation between drone prices and the extent that the 19 drones studied herein met the safety requirements generated by STPA, and significant differences were identified among the manufacturers. This work complements the existing risk assessment frameworks for small drones, and contributes to the establishment of a commonly endorsed international risk analysis framework. Such a framework will support the development of a holistic and methodologically justified standardization scheme for small drone flights.
目前，已发表的无人机风险分析主要针对商业系统，使用来自民航的数据，并基于概率方法，而没有提出全面的危害和相应要求清单。在这种情况下，本文提出了：（1）一组安全要求，这些要求是通过对通用小型无人机系统应用系统理论过程分析（STPA）技术得出的；（2）一组安全要求与 19 种流行的无人机模型所满足的要求之间的差距分析；（3）这些模型、它们的制造商和原产国之间的差异程度；以及（4）无人机价格与它们满足 STPA 得出的要求的程度之间的关联。STPA 的应用导致了 70 项安全要求分布在权限、制造商、最终用户或无人机自动化级别上。差距分析表明，19 架无人机在满足相同安全要求的程度上存在很大差异。统计结果表明，无人机价格与 19 架研究无人机在多大程度上满足 STPA 生成的安全要求之间存在正相关关系，并且制造商之间存在显著差异。这项工作补充了小型无人机现有的风险评估框架，并有助于建立一个普遍认可的国际风险分析框架。这样的框架将支持为小型无人机飞行制定一个全面和方法上合理的标准化方案。
