Mamoun John
Private Practice, Manalapan, NJ, USA.
J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jun;43(3):204-211. doi: 10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.3.204. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
In dentistry, elevator instruments are used to luxate teeth, and this technique imparts forces to tooth particles that sever the periodontal ligament around tooth roots inside the socket and expand alveolar bone around tooth particles. These effects can result in extraction of the tooth particles or facilitate systematic forceps extraction of the tooth particles. This article presents basic oral surgery techniques for applying elevators to luxate teeth. Determination of the optimal luxation technique requires understanding of the functions of the straight elevator and the Cryer elevator, the concept of purchase points, how the design elements of elevator working ends and tips influence the functionality of an elevator, application of forces to tooth particles, sectioning teeth at furcations, and bone removal to facilitate luxation. The effectiveness of tooth particle luxation is influenced by elevator tip shape and size, the magnitude and the vectors of forces applied to the tooth particle by the tip, and sectioning and bone removal within the operating field. Controlled extraction procedures are facilitated by a dental operating microscope or the magnification of binocular surgical loupes telescopes, combined with co-axial illumination.
在牙科领域，牙挺用于使牙齿松动，该技术会对牙粒施加力，切断牙槽窝内牙根周围的牙周韧带，并使牙粒周围的牙槽骨扩张。这些作用可导致牙粒被拔除，或便于用拔牙钳系统地拔除牙粒。本文介绍了使用牙挺使牙齿松动的基本口腔外科技术。确定最佳的松动技术需要了解直牙挺和克里尔牙挺的功能、支点的概念、牙挺工作端和尖端的设计元素如何影响牙挺的功能、对牙粒施加力、在分叉处分割牙齿以及为便于松动而去除骨质。牙粒松动的效果受牙挺尖端形状和大小、尖端施加于牙粒的力的大小和方向，以及手术区域内的分割和去骨操作的影响。牙科手术显微镜或双目手术放大镜望远镜的放大功能与同轴照明相结合，有助于实施可控的拔牙程序。
