State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2018 Jan 5;341:112-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.049. Epub 2017 Jul 25.
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural waters, which act as drinking water sources, raises concerns. Moreover, those compounds incompletely removed by treatment have the chance to form toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during subsequent disinfection. In this study, acetaminophen (Apap), commonly used to treat pain and fever, was selected as a model PPCP. The formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs, namely trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides, during chlor(am)ination of Apap was investigated. Yields of chloroform (CF), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm), and tricholoacetamide (TCAcAm), during chlorination were all higher than from chloramination. The yields of CF continuously increased over 48h during both chlorination and chloramination. During chlorination, as the chlorine/Apap molar ratios increased from 1 to 20, CF yields increased from 0.33±0.02% to 2.52±0.15%, while the yields of DCAN, DCAcAm and TCAcAm all increased then decreased. In contrast, during chloramination, increased chloramine doses enhanced the formation of all DBPs. Acidic conditions favored nitrogenous DBP formation, regardless of chlorination or chloramination, whereas alkaline conditions enhanced CF formation. Two proposed formation mechanisms are presented. The analysed DBPs formed during chlorination were 2 orders of magnitude more genotoxic and cytotoxicity than those from chloramination.
在天然水中，药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）的出现引起了人们的关注，因为这些物质可能会作为饮用水源。此外，那些在处理过程中未被完全去除的化合物在随后的消毒过程中有机会形成有毒的消毒副产物（DBPs）。在这项研究中，选择了常用的解热镇痛药对乙酰氨基酚（Apap）作为 PPCP 的模型化合物。研究了在氯（氨）化 Apap 过程中形成的碳氮 DBPs，即三卤甲烷、卤乙腈和卤乙酰胺。在氯化过程中，氯仿（CF）、二氯乙腈（DCAN）、二氯乙酰胺（DCAcAm）和三氯乙酰胺（TCAcAm）的生成量均高于氯氨化。在氯化和氯氨化过程中，CF 的生成量在 48 小时内持续增加。在氯化过程中，随着氯/Apap 摩尔比从 1 增加到 20，CF 的生成量从 0.33±0.02%增加到 2.52±0.15%，而 DCAN、DCAcAm 和 TCAcAm 的生成量均先增加后减少。相比之下，在氯氨化过程中，增加的氯胺剂量会增强所有 DBPs 的形成。酸性条件有利于氮 DBPs 的形成，无论氯化还是氯氨化，而碱性条件则有利于 CF 的形成。提出了两种可能的形成机制。与氯氨化相比，氯化过程中形成的分析 DBPs 的遗传毒性和细胞毒性要高出 2 个数量级。
