a Institute of Biomedical Technologies , National Research Council of Italy , Segrate , Italy.
Expert Rev Proteomics. 2017 Sep;14(9):757-767. doi: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1364629. Epub 2017 Aug 10.
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that are produced and released by several type of cells. These vesicles contain different macromolecules: proteins, mRNA, miRNA, mitochondrial DNA, and lipids. Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, also promoting cancer progression. Areas covered: Various proteomic approaches have been applied to study exosomes isolated from different human biofluids in search of possible cancer biomarkers. The results of these studies are reported, and pros and cons of each employed technique are described. Gel-free and gel-based mass spectrometry systems are discussed, giving particular emphasis on the innovative multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Expert commentary: Proteomic studies on exosomes as candidate cancer biomarkers from urine and other body fluids in cancer have shown the potential of MS-based techniques. In particular, MudPIT is a promising tool to be applied in clinical proteomics of cancer.
外泌体是起源于内体的小型细胞外囊泡，由多种类型的细胞产生和释放。这些囊泡包含不同的大分子：蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA、线粒体 DNA 和脂质。外泌体在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用，也促进癌症的进展。
已经应用了各种蛋白质组学方法来研究从不同人体生物流体中分离的外泌体，以寻找可能的癌症生物标志物。本文报告了这些研究的结果，并描述了每种所采用技术的优缺点。讨论了无胶和胶基质谱系统，并特别强调了创新的多维蛋白质鉴定技术（MudPIT）。
来自尿液和其他体液的外泌体作为癌症候选生物标志物的蛋白质组学研究表明，基于 MS 的技术具有潜力。特别是，MudPIT 是一种很有前途的工具，可应用于癌症的临床蛋白质组学。
