Fields Lanny
Queens College and The Graduate School of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.
Learn Behav. 2018 Mar;46(1):79-88. doi: 10.3758/s13420-017-0294-x.
Using trial-and-error training, eight pigeons did not learn to discriminate between 45° and 135° lines, but did learn to discriminate between red and green colors. Control by line tilt was induced by stimulus fading that did not include reinforcement while fading out the colors. After establishing the red-green discrimination, low-intensity lines were superimposed on colors and were gradually faded in. All of this was done using reinforcement. At the end of the line fade-in, the lines had not acquired control of responding. Finally, color intensity was gradually faded out in the absence of reinforcement, and the lines acquired discriminative control by six of the eight pigeons. Thus, reinforcement during the color fade-out was not necessary for the acquisition of discriminative control by the lines during fading. Acquisition of control by lines was attributed to overshadowing, the reduction of stimulus blocking by generalization, and the evocation of correct responding by the colors while the participants were attending to the lines. This last process was also responsible for the induction of discriminative control during sensory preconditioning, higher order conditioning, and response transfer in equivalence classes. Errors, however, were not correlated with discrimination learning during stimulus fading. Finally, transfer of control occurred very quickly with or without errors.
通过试错训练，八只鸽子没有学会区分45°和135°的线条，但学会了区分红色和绿色。在消退颜色时，通过不包括强化的刺激消退诱导对线倾斜的控制。在建立红-绿辨别之后，低强度线条叠加在颜色上并逐渐淡入。所有这些都是通过强化来完成的。在线条淡入结束时，线条尚未获得对反应的控制。最后，在没有强化的情况下，颜色强度逐渐消退，八只鸽子中有六只鸽子的线条获得了辨别控制。因此，在颜色消退期间的强化对于在消退过程中线条获得辨别控制不是必需的。线条获得控制归因于遮蔽、通过泛化减少刺激阻塞以及当参与者关注线条时颜色唤起正确反应。最后这个过程也负责在感觉预适应、高级条件作用和等价类中的反应转移期间诱导辨别控制。然而，错误与刺激消退期间的辨别学习无关。最后，无论有无错误，控制的转移都非常迅速。
