Perioperative Management of Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with significant alterations in cardiovascular function; homeostasis of body fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base equilibrium; bone metabolism, erythropoiesis; and blood coagulation. The prevalence of ESRD is increasing rapidly worldwide, as is the number of patients requiring surgery under general anesthesia. Patients with ESRD have significantly higher risks of perioperative morbidity and mortality due to multiple comorbidities. The perioperative management of patients with ESRD under general anesthesia therefore requires special considerations and a careful multidisciplinary approach. In this review, the authors summarize the available literature to address common issues related to patients with ESRD and discuss the best perioperative approach for this patient subgroup.