Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ede, The Netherlands.
Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Res Dev Disabil. 2017 Oct;69:39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.015. Epub 2017 Aug 11.
This study tests the validity of Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without MBID.
The relationship between negative cognitive errors (Beck), response styles (Nolen-Hoeksema) and depressive symptoms was examined in 135 adolescents using linear regression.
The cognitive error 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intelligence. This was the only negative cognitive error that predicted depressive symptoms. There were no differences between groups in the prevalence of the three response styles. In line with the theory, ruminating was positively and problem-solving was negatively related to depressive symptoms. Distractive response styles were not related to depressive symptoms. The relationship between response styles, cognitive errors and depressive symptoms were similar for both groups.
The main premises of both theories of depression are equally applicable to adolescents with and without MBID. The cognitive error 'Underestimation of the ability to cope' poses a specific risk factor for developing a depression for adolescents with MBID and requires special attention in treatment and prevention of depression. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: Despite the high prevalence of depression among adolescents with MBID, little is known about the etiology and cognitive processes that play a role in the development of depression in this group. The current paper fills this gap in research by examining the core tenets of two important theories on the etiology of depression (Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory) in a clinical sample of adolescents with and without MBID. This paper demonstrated that the theories are equally applicable to adolescents with MBID, as to adolescents with average intellectual ability. However, the cognitive bias 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was the only cognitive error related to depressive symptoms, and was much more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intellectual ability. This suggests that underestimating one's coping skills may be a unique risk factor for depression among adolescents with MBID. This knowledge is important in understanding the causes and perpetuating mechanisms of depression in adolescents with MBID, and for the development of prevention- and treatment programs for adolescents with MBID.
本研究检验贝克认知理论和诺伦-霍克西玛反应风格理论在有无 MBID 的青少年中的有效性。
使用线性回归分析，对 135 名青少年的负性认知错误（贝克）和反应风格（诺伦-霍克西玛）与抑郁症状之间的关系进行了研究。
与智力正常的青少年相比，具有 MBID 的青少年更易出现“低估应对能力”的认知错误。这是唯一能预测抑郁症状的负性认知错误。两组在三种反应风格的流行率上没有差异。与理论一致，沉思与抑郁症状呈正相关，而解决问题与抑郁症状呈负相关。分散注意力的反应风格与抑郁症状无关。两组的反应风格、认知错误与抑郁症状之间的关系相似。
两种抑郁理论的主要前提同样适用于有无 MBID 的青少年。“低估应对能力”的认知错误对具有 MBID 的青少年发展为抑郁症构成了特定的危险因素，在治疗和预防抑郁症时需要特别注意。
尽管具有 MBID 的青少年中抑郁症的患病率很高，但对于在这一组中起作用的病因学和认知过程知之甚少。本研究通过检查具有和不具有 MBID 的青少年临床样本中两种重要的抑郁病因理论（贝克认知理论和诺伦-霍克西玛反应风格理论）的核心原则，填补了这一研究空白。研究表明，这些理论同样适用于具有 MBID 的青少年，也适用于智力正常的青少年。然而，“低估应对能力”的认知偏差是唯一与抑郁症状相关的认知错误，并且在具有 MBID 的青少年中比在智力正常的青少年中更为普遍。这表明，低估自己的应对能力可能是具有 MBID 的青少年抑郁的一个独特危险因素。这一知识对于理解具有 MBID 的青少年抑郁的原因和持续机制，以及为具有 MBID 的青少年制定预防和治疗计划具有重要意义。
