Lannes Nils, Summerfield Artur, Filgueira Luis
Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland.
Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
J Neuroinflammation. 2017 Aug 14;14(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0931-5.
Uncontrolled inflammatory response of the central nervous system is a hallmark of severe Japanese encephalitis (JE). Although inflammation is necessary to mount an efficient immune response against virus infections, exacerbated inflammatory response is often detrimental. In this context, cells of the monocytic lineage appear to be important forces driving JE pathogenesis.
Brain-infiltrating monocytes, macrophages and microglia play a major role in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation during JE. Moreover, the role of inflammatory monocytes in viral neuroinvasion during JE and mechanisms of cell entry into the CNS remains unclear. The identification of cellular and molecular actors in JE inflammatory responses may help to understand the mechanisms behind excessive inflammation and to develop therapeutics to treat JE patients. This review addresses the current knowledge about mechanisms of virus neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation and therapeutics critical for JE outcome.
Understanding the regulation of inflammation in JE is challenging. Elucidation of the remaining open questions will help to the development of therapeutic approaches avoiding detrimental inflammatory responses in JE.
中枢神经系统不受控制的炎症反应是重症日本脑炎（JE）的一个标志。尽管炎症对于针对病毒感染产生有效的免疫反应是必要的，但炎症反应加剧往往是有害的。在这种情况下，单核细胞系细胞似乎是推动JE发病机制的重要力量。
脑内浸润的单核细胞、巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞在JE期间的中枢神经系统（CNS）炎症中起主要作用。此外，炎症单核细胞在JE期间病毒神经侵袭中的作用以及细胞进入CNS的机制仍不清楚。鉴定JE炎症反应中的细胞和分子参与者可能有助于理解过度炎症背后的机制，并开发治疗JE患者的疗法。本综述阐述了关于病毒神经侵袭机制、神经炎症以及对JE结局至关重要的治疗方法的当前知识。
理解JE中炎症的调节具有挑战性。阐明其余未解决的问题将有助于开发避免JE中有害炎症反应的治疗方法。
