Linett Maren
Department of English, Purdue University, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
J Med Humanit. 2019 Sep;40(3):395-415. doi: 10.1007/s10912-017-9469-x.
This article inserts Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) into a bioethical conversation about the value of old age and old people. Exploring literary treatments of bioethical questions can supplement conversations within bioethics proper, helping to reveal our existing assumptions and clear the way for more considered views; indeed, as Peter Swirski has argued, literary texts can serve as thought experiments that illuminate the ramifications of philosophical ideas. This essay examines the novel's representation of a society without old people in conjunction with ideas about aging and life narratives put forward by philosophers and bioethicists such as Ezekiel Emanuel, Gilbert Meilaender, and Alasdair MacIntyre. While critics, and Huxley himself, view the Brave New World as dystopian primarily because of its depiction of a totalitarian society where art, truth, and meaning are sacrificed to pleasure and distraction and where the ruled are programmed not to question the values of their rulers, the novel also makes clear that the excision of old age has significant political, moral, and emotional costs.
本文将奥尔德斯·赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》(1932年)置于一场关于老年和老年人价值的生物伦理对话之中。探究文学作品对生物伦理问题的处理方式,可以补充生物伦理学内部的对话,有助于揭示我们现有的假设,并为更周全的观点扫清道路;事实上,正如彼得·斯维尔茨基所主张的,文学文本可以充当思想实验,阐明哲学观念的影响。本文结合以齐克果·伊曼纽尔、吉尔伯特·梅兰德、阿拉斯戴尔·麦金太尔等哲学家和生物伦理学家提出的关于衰老和生命叙事的观点,审视了该小说中对一个没有老年人的社会的描绘。尽管批评家以及赫胥黎本人都主要将《美丽新世界》视为反乌托邦作品,因为它描绘了一个极权主义社会,在这个社会中,艺术、真理和意义都为了愉悦和消遣而被牺牲,被统治者被设定为不去质疑统治者的价值观,但该小说也明确指出,消除老年会带来重大的政治、道德和情感代价。