Sánchez Óscar J, Ospina Diego A, Montoya Sandra
Bioprocess and Agro-industry Plant, Department of Engineering, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
Bioprocess and Agro-industry Plant, Department of Engineering, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
Waste Manag. 2017 Nov;69:136-153. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.012. Epub 2017 Aug 18.
The composting is an aerobic, microorganism-mediated, solid-state fermentation process by which different organic materials are transformed into more stable compounds. The product obtained is the compost, which contributes to the improvement of physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. However, the compost usage in agriculture is constrained because of its long-time action and reduced supply of nutrients to the crops. To enhance the content of nutrients assimilable by the plants in the compost, its supplementation with nutrients and inoculation with microorganisms have been proposed. The objective of this work was to review the state of the art on compost supplementation with nutrients and the role played by the microorganisms involved (or added) in their transformation during the composting process. The phases of composting are briefly compiled and different strategies for supplementation are analyzed. The utilization of nitrogenous materials and addition of microorganisms fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere or oxidizing ammonia into more assimilable for plants nitrogenous forms are analyzed. Several strategies for nitrogen conservation during composting are presented as well. The supplementation with phosphorus and utilization of microorganisms solubilizing phosphorus and potassium are also discussed. Main groups of microorganisms relevant during the composting process are described as well as most important strategies to identify them. In general, the development of this type of nutrient-enriched bio-inputs requires research and development not only in the supplementation of compost itself, but also in the isolation and identification of microorganisms and genes allowing the degradation and conversion of nitrogenous substances and materials containing potassium and phosphorus present in the feedstocks undergoing the composting process. In this sense, most important research trends and strategies to increase nutrient content in the compost are provided in this work.
堆肥是一种需氧的、由微生物介导的固态发酵过程，通过该过程不同的有机材料被转化为更稳定的化合物。所得到的产物是堆肥，它有助于改善土壤的物理、化学和微生物性质。然而，堆肥在农业中的应用受到限制，因为其作用时间长且向作物提供的养分减少。为了提高堆肥中植物可吸收的养分含量，已提出对其进行养分补充和接种微生物。这项工作的目的是综述堆肥养分补充的现状以及堆肥过程中所涉及（或添加）的微生物在其转化过程中所起的作用。简要汇编了堆肥阶段并分析了不同的补充策略。分析了含氮材料的利用以及添加将大气中的氮固定或把氨氧化为植物更易吸收的含氮形式的微生物。还介绍了堆肥过程中几种氮素保留策略。也讨论了磷的补充以及溶磷和溶钾微生物的利用。描述了堆肥过程中相关的主要微生物类群以及鉴定它们的最重要策略。一般来说，这类营养丰富的生物投入物的开发不仅需要在堆肥本身的补充方面进行研发，还需要在微生物和基因的分离与鉴定方面进行研发，这些微生物和基因能够降解和转化堆肥过程中原料中存在的含氮物质以及含钾和磷的物质。从这个意义上讲，这项工作提供了提高堆肥中养分含量的最重要研究趋势和策略。
