a Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK.
Clin Neuropsychol. 2018 Jul;32(5):816-835. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1369571. Epub 2017 Aug 22.
The effects of developmental dyslexia are not restricted solely to the processes involved in reading and spelling. Despite this broader impact on cognition, there has been very little dyslexia-related research on prospective memory (PM; memory for delayed intentions) until very recently. This paper focuses on reviewing a recent program of research which sought to explore this memory system in adults with dyslexia.
The review focuses mainly on studies of adults with dyslexia in which PM was compared with that of IQ-matched adults without dyslexia across clinical measures, computerized tests, self-report questionnaire, and more naturalistic tasks.
Across the reviewed studies, the adults with dyslexia showed a range of impairments in both laboratory and everyday settings. Dyslexia-related PM impairments occurred predominantly when cues to remembering were time-based rather than being cued by events in the environment, when delays to act upon the intention were prolonged, and when tasks were one-off events rather than being habitual. As well as being less accurate in their PM, the participants with dyslexia were also less likely to remember PM instructions over longer delay periods.
PM deficits in dyslexia are considered in terms of the retrospective and prospective components of PM function. Less efficient access to verbal information in long-term memory, problems with time perception, and poorer executive functions are all considered as potential explanations for less accurate PM in dyslexia. The findings from the research program are linked to broader dyslexia theory and research. Some potential means for supporting individuals with dyslexia are considered.
发展性阅读障碍的影响不仅限于阅读和拼写所涉及的过程。尽管对认知有更广泛的影响，但直到最近才对阅读障碍相关的前瞻性记忆（PM；对延迟意图的记忆）进行了很少的研究。本文重点回顾了最近的一项研究计划，该计划旨在探索阅读障碍成年人的这种记忆系统。
该综述主要集中在对阅读障碍成年人的研究上，这些研究将 PM 与 IQ 匹配的无阅读障碍成年人的 PM 进行了比较，比较的依据是临床测量、计算机测试、自我报告问卷以及更自然的任务。
在回顾的研究中，阅读障碍成年人在实验室和日常生活环境中都表现出一系列的损伤。阅读障碍相关的 PM 损伤主要发生在基于时间的提示而不是环境事件提示的情况下，当延迟执行意图的时间延长，并且当任务是一次性事件而不是习惯性事件时。阅读障碍参与者不仅在 PM 上的准确性较低，而且在较长的延迟期间也不太可能记住 PM 指令。
从 PM 功能的回溯和前瞻两个方面来考虑阅读障碍中的 PM 缺陷。在长期记忆中，对言语信息的访问效率较低、时间感知问题以及较差的执行功能，这些都被认为是阅读障碍中 PM 准确性较低的潜在解释。该研究计划的发现与更广泛的阅读障碍理论和研究有关。还考虑了一些支持阅读障碍个体的潜在方法。
