Olivares Ana Maria, Althoff Kristen, Chen Gloria Fanghua, Wu Siqi, Morrisson Margaux A, DeAngelis Margaret M, Haider Neena
Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Aug 24;17(10):93. doi: 10.1007/s11892-017-0913-0.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. While many facets of DR are still not fully understood, animal studies have contributed significantly to understanding the etiology and progression of human DR. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the induced and genetic DR models in different species and the advantages and disadvantages of each model.
Rodents are the most commonly used models, though dogs develop the most similar morphological retinal lesions as those seen in humans, and pigs and zebrafish have similar vasculature and retinal structures to humans. Nonhuman primates can also develop diabetes mellitus spontaneously or have focal lesions induced to simulate retinal neovascular disease observed in individuals with DR. DR results in vascular changes and dysfunction of the neural, glial, and pancreatic β cells. Currently, no model completely recapitulates the full pathophysiology of neuronal and vascular changes that occur at each stage of diabetic retinopathy; however, each model recapitulates many of the disease phenotypes.
糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）是糖尿病患者慢性高血糖相关的最常见并发症之一。虽然DR的许多方面仍未完全了解，但动物研究对理解人类DR的病因和进展做出了重大贡献。本综述全面讨论了不同物种中诱导性和遗传性DR模型以及每种模型的优缺点。
啮齿动物是最常用的模型，不过狗发生的视网膜形态病变与人类最为相似，猪和斑马鱼具有与人类相似的脉管系统和视网膜结构。非人灵长类动物也可自发患糖尿病或诱发局灶性病变以模拟DR患者中观察到的视网膜新生血管疾病。DR会导致血管变化以及神经、神经胶质和胰腺β细胞功能障碍。目前，没有模型能完全重现糖尿病视网膜病变各阶段发生的神经元和血管变化的完整病理生理学；然而，每种模型都重现了许多疾病表型。
