Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
Water Res. 2017 Nov 1;124:713-727. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.068. Epub 2017 Jul 26.
This review critically evaluates the types and concentrations of key illicit drugs (cocaine, amphetamines, cannabinoids, opioids and their metabolites) found in wastewater, surface water and drinking water sources worldwide and what is known on the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in removing such compounds. It is also important to amass information on the trends in specific drug use as well as the sources of such compounds that enter the environment and we review current international knowledge on this. There are regional differences in the types and quantities of illicit drug consumption and this is reflected in the quantities detected in water. Generally, the levels of illicit drugs in wastewater effluents are lower than in raw influent, indicating that the majority of compounds can be at least partially removed by conventional treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filters. However, the literature also indicates that it is too simplistic to assume non-detection equates to drug removal and/or mitigation of associated risks, as there is evidence that some compounds may avoid detection via inadequate sampling and/or analysis protocols, or through conversion to transformation products. Partitioning of drugs from the water to the solids fraction (sludge/biosolids) may also simply shift the potential risk burden to a different environmental compartment and the review found no information on drug stability and persistence in biosolids. Generally speaking, activated sludge-type processes appear to offer better removal efficacy across a range of substances, but the lack of detail in many studies makes it difficult to comment on the most effective process configurations and operations. There is also a paucity of information on the removal effectiveness of alternative treatment processes. Research is also required on natural removal processes in both water and sediments that may over time facilitate further removal of these compounds in receiving environments.
本综述批判性地评估了全球废水中、地表水中和饮用水源中发现的主要非法药物（可卡因、苯丙胺类兴奋剂、大麻类药物、阿片类药物及其代谢物）的类型和浓度，以及废水处理去除此类化合物的有效性。了解特定药物使用的趋势以及进入环境的此类化合物的来源的信息也很重要，我们对此进行了综述。非法药物的消耗类型和数量存在地区差异，这反映在水中检测到的数量上。一般来说，废水中非法药物的水平低于原水，这表明大多数化合物至少可以通过常规处理工艺（如活性污泥或滴滤器）部分去除。然而，文献还表明，假设未检测到就等同于去除药物和/或减轻相关风险过于简单化，因为有证据表明，一些化合物可能通过不充分的采样和/或分析方案，或通过转化为转化产物，而避免被检测到。药物从水分配到固体部分（污泥/生物固体）也可能只是将潜在的风险负担转移到不同的环境部分，而且综述没有发现关于生物固体中药物稳定性和持久性的信息。一般来说，活性污泥类型的工艺似乎对多种物质具有更好的去除效果，但许多研究缺乏细节，因此难以对最有效的工艺配置和操作进行评论。替代处理工艺的去除效果的信息也很少。还需要研究水和沉积物中的自然去除过程，这些过程可能随着时间的推移，在接收环境中进一步去除这些化合物。
