Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 325 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 325 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Food Res Int. 2017 Sep;99(Pt 2):936-943. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.010. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
Although the keto-carotenoid astaxanthin (Ast) is not typically present in human plasma due to its relative scarcity in the typical diet, global consumption of salmon, the primary source of Ast in food, and Ast supplements continues to increase. The first objective of the present study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of Ast from uncooked and cooked fillets of wild and aquacultured salmon, Ast-supplements and krill oil, during simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion. Uptake of E-Ast from micelles generated during digestion of wild salmon by monolayers of Caco-2 was also monitored. Both wild and aquacultured salmon flesh contained E-Ast and Z-isomers of unesterified Ast, whereas Ast esters were the predominant form of the carotenoid in commercial supplements and krill oil. Flesh from wild salmon contained approximately 10 times more Ast than aquacultured salmon. Common styles of cooking flesh from wild and aquacultured salmon decreased Ast content by 48-57% and 35-47%, respectively. Ast in salmon flesh, supplements and krill oil was relatively stable (>80% recovery) during in vitro digestion. The efficiency of transfer of Ast into mixed micelles during digestion of uncooked wild salmon was 43%, but only 12% for uncooked acquacultured salmon. Cooking wild salmon significantly decreased Ast bioaccessibility. The relative bioaccessibility of Ast (41-67%) after digestion of oil vehicle in commercial supplements was inversely proportional to carotenoid content (3-10mg/capsule), whereas bioaccessibility of endogenous Ast in phospholipid-rich krill oil supplement was 68%. >95% of Ast in mixed micelles generated during digestion of supplements and krill oil was unesterified. Caco-2 intestinal cells accumulated 11-14% of E-Ast delivered in mixed micelles generated from digested wild salmon. Apical uptake and basolateral secretion of E-Ast by Caco-2 cells grown on inserts were greater after digestion of Ast-enriched krill oil compared to uncooked wild salmon. These data suggest that the bioacessibility of Ast in wild salmon and soft-gel capsules is greater than that in aquacultured salmon, and that uptake and basolateral secretion of the carotenoid by enterocyte-like cells is enhanced by the digestion products of phospholipid-rich krill oil.
尽管酮类胡萝卜素虾青素（Ast）在典型饮食中相对稀缺，因此通常不存在于人体血浆中，但由于人们对三文鱼的全球消费（三文鱼是 Ast 的主要食物来源）和 Ast 补充剂的消费持续增加。本研究的首要目标是研究生的和熟的野生和养殖三文鱼鱼片、Ast 补充剂和磷虾油在模拟胃和小肠消化过程中的生物利用度。还监测了在消化过程中由野生三文鱼生成的胶束中 E-Ast 被 Caco-2 单层吸收的情况。野生和养殖三文鱼的鱼肉均含有 E-Ast 和未酯化的 Z 异构体的 Ast，而 Ast 酯是商业补充剂和磷虾油中该类胡萝卜素的主要形式。野生三文鱼的鱼肉中大约含有 10 倍于养殖三文鱼的 Ast。野生和养殖三文鱼的常见烹饪方式分别使鱼肉中的 Ast 含量降低了 48-57%和 35-47%。在体外消化过程中，三文鱼鱼肉、补充剂和磷虾油中的 Ast 相对稳定（>80%的回收率）。生的野生三文鱼消化过程中，Ast 转移到混合胶束中的效率为 43%，而生的养殖三文鱼则为 12%。烹饪野生三文鱼会显著降低 Ast 的生物利用度。商业补充剂中油载体消化后的 Ast 相对生物利用度（41-67%）与类胡萝卜素含量（3-10mg/胶囊）成反比，而富含磷脂的磷虾油补充剂中内源性 Ast 的生物利用度为 68%。补充剂和磷虾油消化过程中生成的混合胶束中超过 95%的 Ast 为未酯化形式。在消化富含 Ast 的磷虾油生成的混合胶束中，Caco-2 肠道细胞积累了 11-14%的 E-Ast。与消化生的野生三文鱼相比，在消化富含 Ast 的磷虾油后，在插入物上生长的 Caco-2 细胞的 E-Ast 顶端摄取和基底外侧分泌量更大。这些数据表明，野生三文鱼和软凝胶胶囊中的 Ast 生物利用度大于养殖三文鱼，富含磷脂的磷虾油消化产物可增强类肠细胞对类胡萝卜素的摄取和基底外侧分泌。
