Arnberg Maj, Moodley Leon, Dunaevskaya Evgenia, Ramanand Sreerekha, Ingvarsdóttir Anna, Nilsen Marianne, Ravagnan Elisa, Westerlund Stig, Sanni Steinar, Tarling Geraint A, Bechmann Renée K
a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway.
b Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL) , Sogndal , Norway.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2017;80(16-18):916-931. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352204. Epub 2017 Aug 29.
Rising oil and gas activities in northern high latitudes have led to an increased risk of petroleum pollution in these ecosystems. Further, seasonal high UV radiation at high latitudes may elevate photo-enhanced toxicity of petroleum pollution to marine organisms. Zooplanktons are a key ecological component of northern ecosystems; therefore, it is important to assess their sensitivity to potential pollutants of oil and gas activity. As ontogenetic development may be particularly sensitive, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of chronic exposure to oil water dispersion (OWD) on development and feeding of early life stages of the Northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica. In a range of experiments, embryonic, nonfeeding, and feeding larval stages were exposed to concentrations of between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L of oil or photo-modified oil for 19 and 21 d. No significant effects on egg respiration, hatching success, development, length and larval survival were observed from these treatments. Similarly, evolution of fatty acid composition patterns during ontogenetic development was unaffected. The results indicates a high degree of resilience of these early developmental stages to such types and concentrations of pollutants. However, feeding and motility in later calyptopis-stage larvae were significantly impaired at exposure of 0.1 mg/L oil. Data indicate that feeding larval stage of krill was more sensitive to OWD than early nonfeeding life stages. This might be attributed to the narcotic effects of oil pollutants, their direct ingestion, or accumulated adverse effects over early development.
北极高纬度地区石油和天然气活动的增加，导致这些生态系统中石油污染的风险上升。此外，高纬度地区季节性的高紫外线辐射可能会增强石油污染对海洋生物的光致毒性。浮游动物是北极生态系统的关键生态组成部分；因此，评估它们对石油和天然气活动潜在污染物的敏感性很重要。由于个体发育可能特别敏感，本研究的目的是检验长期暴露于油水分散液（OWD）对北方磷虾（Meganyctiphanes norvegica）早期生命阶段发育和摄食的影响。在一系列实验中，将胚胎期、非摄食期和摄食期的幼体阶段暴露于浓度为0.01至0.1毫克/升的油或光改性油中19天和21天。这些处理对卵呼吸、孵化成功率、发育、体长和幼体存活率均未观察到显著影响。同样，个体发育过程中脂肪酸组成模式的演变也未受影响。结果表明，这些早期发育阶段对这类污染物的类型和浓度具有高度的恢复力。然而，在暴露于0.1毫克/升油的情况下，后期无节幼体阶段幼虫的摄食和运动能力受到显著损害。数据表明，磷虾的摄食幼体阶段对OWD比早期非摄食生命阶段更敏感。这可能归因于石油污染物的麻醉作用、它们的直接摄入或早期发育过程中积累的不利影响。
