Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Lab Chip. 2017 Sep 26;17(19):3200-3220. doi: 10.1039/c7lc00587c.
The concept of personalised diagnostics is to direct accurate clinical decisions based on an individual's unique disease molecular profile. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems are prime personalised diagnostics examples which seek to perform an entire sample-to-outcome detection of disease nucleic acid (NA) biomarkers on a single miniaturised platform with minimal user handling. Despite the great potential of LOC devices in providing rapid, portable, and inexpensive personalised diagnosis at the point-of-care (POC), the translation of this technology into widespread use has still been hampered by the need for sophisticated and complex engineering. As an alternative miniaturised diagnostics platform free of precision fabrication, there have been recent developments towards a solution-based lab-in-a-drop (LID) system by which an entire laboratory-based diagnostics workflow could be downscaled and integrated within a singular fluid droplet for POC detection of NA biomarkers. In contrast to existing excellent reviews on miniaturised LOC fabrication and individual steps of NA biomarker sensing, we herein focus on miniaturised solution-based NA biosensing strategies suited for integrated LID personalised diagnostics development. In this review, we first evaluate the three fundamental bioassay steps for miniaturised NA biomarker detection: crude sample preparation, isothermal target amplification, and detection readout of amplicons. Then, we provide insights into research advancements towards a functional LID system which integrates all three of the above-mentioned fundamental steps. Finally, we discuss perspectives and future directions of LID diagnostic platforms in personalised medicine applications.
个性化诊断的概念是基于个体独特的疾病分子特征，为临床决策提供准确的指导。芯片实验室（LOC）系统是个性化诊断的主要范例，它试图在单个微型化平台上对疾病核酸（NA）生物标志物进行整个样本到结果的检测，而用户的操作最少。尽管 LOC 设备在提供快速、便携和低成本的即时护理（POC）个性化诊断方面具有巨大潜力，但由于需要复杂和复杂的工程，该技术的广泛应用仍然受到阻碍。作为一种替代的微型化诊断平台，无需精密制造，最近已经开发出基于溶液的液滴内实验室（LID）系统，通过该系统，可以将整个基于实验室的诊断工作流程缩小并集成到单个液滴中，用于 POCT 检测 NA 生物标志物。与现有的关于微型 LOC 制造和 NA 生物标志物传感各个步骤的优秀综述不同，我们在此专注于适用于集成 LID 个性化诊断开发的微型化基于溶液的 NA 生物传感策略。在这篇综述中，我们首先评估了微型化 NA 生物标志物检测的三个基本生物测定步骤：粗样品制备、等温目标扩增和扩增子的检测读出。然后，我们深入探讨了朝着功能齐全的 LID 系统发展的研究进展，该系统集成了上述三个基本步骤。最后，我们讨论了 LID 诊断平台在个性化医疗应用中的前景和未来方向。
