Child and Family Policy Center, Des Moines, Iowa, and the Center for the Study of Social Policy, Washington, DC.
Acad Pediatr. 2017 Sep-Oct;17(7S):S123-S129. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.05.009.
Adverse childhood experiences research has focused attention on the importance of family safety, stability, and nurturing in ensuring healthy development. This safety, stability, and nurturing can be compromised by family poverty, discrimination and marginalization, and geographic location. Drawing upon census data, this report shows that place, race, and poverty are intertwined concepts with particular implications for young children. Examining census tracts according to their levels of poverty shows that the poorest census tracts also: 1) are the "richest" in the proportion of young children, 2) have the least realized social, physical, and educational, as well as economic capital, and 3) are highly racially segregated and separated from many sources of economic opportunity. The implications are that the country's poorest neighborhoods require substantially more supports for young children but currently have many fewer. This includes individual services to young children and their families but also publicly available services and voluntary supports, such as parks, playgrounds, and libraries. These data suggest that improving child health trajectories and reducing health disparities according to race and socioeconomic status therefore will require concerted individual service as well as community-building efforts directed to poor and usually racially segregated neighborhoods and communities.
不良童年经历的研究已经将注意力集中在家庭安全、稳定和培养上，以确保健康发展。家庭贫困、歧视和边缘化以及地理位置都可能影响到这些安全、稳定和培养。本报告利用人口普查数据表明，地点、种族和贫困是相互交织的概念，对幼儿有特殊影响。根据贫困程度对普查区进行考察表明，最贫困的普查区：1）幼儿比例最高；2）社会、物质和教育资本以及经济资本最少；3）种族隔离程度最高，与许多经济机会隔绝。这意味着，该国最贫困的社区需要为幼儿提供更多支持，但目前的支持却少得多。这包括对幼儿及其家庭的个人服务，还包括公共服务和志愿支持，如公园、游乐场和图书馆。这些数据表明，为了改善儿童健康轨迹，减少种族和社会经济地位方面的健康差距，因此需要齐心协力地提供个人服务，以及针对贫困和通常是种族隔离的社区和邻里的社区建设工作。
