Ali Shahzad, Xu Yueyue, Ma Xiangcheng, Ahmad Irshad, Kamran Muhammad, Dong Zhaoyun, Cai Tie, Jia Qianmin, Ren Xiaolong, Zhang Peng, Jia Zhikuan
Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China.
Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2017 Aug 22;8:1408. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01408. eCollection 2017.
The ridge furrow (RF) rainwater harvesting system is an efficient way to enhance rainwater accessibility for crops and increase winter wheat productivity in semi-arid regions. However, the RF system has not been promoted widely in the semi-arid regions, which primarily exist in remote hilly areas. To exploit its efficiency on a large-scale, the RF system needs to be tested at different amounts of simulated precipitation combined with deficit irrigation. Therefore, in during the 2015-16 and 2016-17 winter wheat growing seasons, we examined the effects of two planting patterns: (1) the RF system and (2) traditional flat planting (TF) with three deficit irrigation levels (150, 75, 0 mm) under three simulated rainfall intensity (1: 275, 2: 200, 3: 125 mm), and determined soil water storage profile, evapotranspiration rate, grain filling rate, biomass, grain yield, and net economic return. Over the two study years, the RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2) significantly ( < 0.05) increased soil water storage in the depth of (200 cm); reduced ET at the field scale by 33%; increased total dry matter accumulation per plant; increased the grain-filling rate; and improved biomass (11%) and grain (19%) yields. The RF2 treatment thus achieved a higher WUE (76%) and RIWP (21%) compared to TF. Grain-filling rates, grain weight of superior and inferior grains, and net economic profit of winter wheat responded positively to simulated rainfall and deficit irrigation under both planting patterns. The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts, and led to slight increases in soil water storage, total dry matter per plant, and grain yield; there were no significant differences when the simulated rainfall was increased beyond 200 mm. The highest (12,593 Yuan ha) net income profit was attained using the RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation, which also led to significantly higher grain yield, WUE, and RIWP than all other treatments. Thus, we recommend the RF2 treatment for higher productivity, income profit, and improve WUE in the dry-land farming system of China.
垄沟（RF）雨水收集系统是提高半干旱地区作物雨水可利用性和提高冬小麦生产力的有效途径。然而，RF系统在半干旱地区尚未得到广泛推广，这些地区主要位于偏远山区。为了大规模发挥其效率，需要在不同模拟降水量与亏缺灌溉相结合的条件下对RF系统进行测试。因此，在2015 - 16年和2016 - 17年冬小麦生长季，我们研究了两种种植模式的效果：（1）RF系统和（2）传统平作（TF），设置了三个亏缺灌溉水平（150、75、0毫米），以及三种模拟降雨强度（1：275、2：200、3：125毫米），并测定了土壤储水剖面、蒸散速率、灌浆速率、生物量、籽粒产量和净经济收益。在这两个研究年份中，模拟降雨量为200毫米且亏缺灌溉为150毫米的RF处理（RF2）显著（<0.05）增加了200厘米深度的土壤储水量；使田间尺度的蒸散量降低了33%；增加了单株总干物质积累量；提高了灌浆速率；并提高了生物量（11%）和籽粒产量（19%）。因此，与TF相比，RF2处理实现了更高的水分利用效率（76%）和降雨利用效率（21%）。在两种种植模式下，冬小麦的灌浆速率、优劣籽粒粒重和净经济利润对模拟降雨和亏缺灌溉均呈正响应。200毫米的模拟降雨量比其他降雨量更经济，导致土壤储水量、单株总干物质和籽粒产量略有增加；当模拟降雨量超过200毫米时，差异不显著。在200毫米降雨量和150毫米亏缺灌溉条件下使用RF系统获得了最高的净收益（12593元/公顷），这也导致籽粒产量、水分利用效率和降雨利用效率显著高于所有其他处理。因此，我们推荐RF2处理，以提高中国旱地农业系统的生产力、收益利润并改善水分利用效率。
