Cerebral monoamine neurotransmitters in opioid withdrawal and dependence.

The functioning of cerebral monoaminergic neurons is altered during withdrawal from morphine. Our results suggest that the functioning of cerebral dopaminergic and possibly 5HTergic neurons might be regulated by opioid mechanisms and these neurons may be important in the reinforcing and rewarding effects of morphine. The limbic dopaminergic neurons seem to be more vulnerable to chronic opioid administration than the striatal ones. The cerebral noradrenergic neurons seem to be linked with physical signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.