Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States.
Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States.
Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(40):6206-6214. doi: 10.2174/1381612823666170913164738.
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes and microvesicles, have attracted attention as potent carriers of intercellular communication throughout the body, including the brain. They transmit biological signals from donor cells to recipient cells, and recent evidence suggests that they may even carry such signals to distant destinations through peripheral circulation. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs contribute to maintaining normal neuronal function, as well as to the pathological development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although some evidence has suggested that EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), moving from the peripheral circulation to the CNS, the mechanisms by which EVs facilitate communication between peripheral tissues and the CNS are not well understood. The BBB is a dynamic interface that regulates molecular trafficking between the peripheral circulation and the CNS. However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of how bloodborne EVs cross the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of trafficking of EVs between the peripheral circulation and the brain. Moreover, we describe hypothetical transport routes by which EVs may cross the BBB based on previous reports. Further investigation is needed to understand the precise mechanisms by which EVs are transported across the BBB.
最近，细胞外囊泡（EVs），如外泌体和微泡，作为细胞间通讯的有效载体引起了人们的关注，它们可以将生物信号从供体细胞传递到受体细胞，并且最近的证据表明，它们甚至可以通过外周循环将这些信号传递到远处的靶器官。在中枢神经系统（CNS）中，EVs 有助于维持正常的神经元功能，以及神经退行性疾病的病理发展。尽管有一些证据表明 EVs 可以穿过血脑屏障（BBB），从外周循环进入 CNS，但 EVs 促进外周组织与 CNS 之间通讯的机制尚不清楚。BBB 是一个动态的界面，调节着外周循环和 CNS 之间的分子转运。然而，对于生理和病理条件下血液来源的 EVs 如何穿过 BBB，目前的机制理解还很有限。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了 EVs 在周围循环和大脑之间转运的最新知识。此外，我们根据以前的报道描述了 EVs 可能穿过 BBB 的假设运输途径。需要进一步的研究来了解 EVs 穿过 BBB 的精确机制。
