Balconi Michela, Gatti Laura, Vanutelli Maria Elide
a Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience , Catholic University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
b Department of Psychology , Catholic University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
Int J Neurosci. 2018 Feb;128(2):155-166. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1379519. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
Human life is connoted by sophisticated interactions that involve not only single individuals, but larger social groups composed by members interacting each other. Cooperation secures a benefit to all the people engaged as well as important behaviors like helping, sharing, and acting prosocially. But what happens when the joint actions are not effective?
In the present study, we asked 24 participants paired in 12 dyads to cooperate during an attentional task in a way to synchronize their responses and obtain better outcomes. In addition we tested inter-brain and cognitive strategy similarities between subjects. Then, we frustrated their strategies by providing false feedbacks signalling the incapacity to create a synergy, which was reinforced by a general negative evaluation halfway through the task. The effects of the feedback inmodulating subjects behavioural performance and brain responsiveness were explored by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
Results showed a worsen performance after the negative feedback in the form of longer reaction times and a specifc pattern of brain activation involving th dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the superior frontal gyrus. The DLPFC showed increased OHb (oxy-haemoglobin) level after the feedback, compatible with the need for higher cognitive effort. In addition, fNIRS measures revealed a decreased inter-brain synchronicity in post-feedback condition for the dyad. Also, the representation of negative emotions in response to failing interactions was signalled by a right-lateralized effect.
Results were interpreted at light of available knowledge on perceived self-efficacy and the implementation of common goals and strategies.
人类生活由复杂的互动所表征，这些互动不仅涉及个体，还包括由相互作用的成员组成的更大社会群体。合作能为所有参与的人带来益处，以及诸如帮助、分享和亲社会行为等重要行为。但当联合行动无效时会发生什么呢？
在本研究中，我们让24名参与者两两配对成12个二元组，在一项注意力任务中进行合作，以使他们的反应同步并获得更好的结果。此外，我们测试了受试者之间的脑间和认知策略相似性。然后，我们通过提供虚假反馈来挫败他们的策略，这些反馈表明无法产生协同作用，并且在任务进行到一半时通过总体负面评价得到强化。通过功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）探究反馈对受试者行为表现和大脑反应性的调节作用。
结果显示，负面反馈后表现变差，表现为反应时间延长以及涉及背外侧前额叶皮质（DLPFC）和额上回的特定脑激活模式。反馈后，DLPFC显示氧合血红蛋白（OHb）水平升高，这与更高认知努力的需求相符。此外，fNIRS测量结果显示，反馈后二元组的脑间同步性降低。而且，对失败互动的负面情绪表征表现为右侧化效应。
根据关于感知自我效能以及共同目标和策略实施的现有知识对结果进行了解释。
